Benefits of a College Degree Essay

After high school, a choice that many students have to make is whether to go to college or not. There are many factors that go into one’s decision. There are pros and cons to going to college and also there are pros and cons for not going to college. But the decision that will give someone the better opportunity to have a more successful life is to go to college. The money that one will earn after getting a college degree will be more than the money a person will make without getting a college degree. As our society has continued to evolve, education has become the optimal route to professional success: pursuing a degree is the best way to receive training, to gain expertise in a given field, and even to guide you and help you make choices about your career (Value†¦). Money is one of the most important reasons that a person goes to college. On average, a person that has just a high-school diploma earns $30,400 per year while a person that gets a bachelor’s degree will earn on average $52,200 per year (Value†¦). A master’s degree on average will get a person a yearly salary of $62,300 (Value†¦). Based on the numbers, a formal education is an essential ingredient in today’s society. Going to college and getting four more years of schooling may not be the fun thing to do, but it is a wise choice to help lead one to a more successful life. Some people may say that even though that someone will earn more money by getting a college degree, the cost of college does not equal out the amount of money one will make. While the cost of college is expensive, the difference in money made from a college degree will be able to cover the cost of college over time. The average cost of college tuition plus expenses per year is between $20,000 and $35,000 (U. S. News Staff). Of course that is quite a bit of money that would go into paying for college, but even if a person cannot pay for it at the time or did not get a scholarship, someone could always get a student loan so they can pay for college in that way. While if a person chooses to not go to college, that person can get a full-time job that one may focus heavily on. Although a person in college can have a job, that person cannot work as much as someone who is not in college. At first this is a positive for not going to college because that would mean more money for the people not going to college. That is true but over years; the people with a college degree will end up with more money because of the higher annual salaries. The benefits of a college degree are not just for money, but also a college degree will also give a person more career options. A person with a college degree will have more career options than someone without a college degree because employers will see that one has a college degree and think that person knows what to do and can do the job well. Employers want the best person for the job and a college degree looks really good on a person’s resume (Ten Great†¦). In a survey that was casted to see what employers look for, those employers said that they wanted people that have dependability, reliability, a good attitude, the ability to read comfortably, the ability to think more consciously, computer skills, and the ability to communicate clearly whether it be spoken or in writing (Knowledge and†¦). Along the path of getting a college degree, one will also learn these skills and attributes. Not only does a college degree increase one’s chances of getting a job, but it can also get a person employer-paid health insurance and pension plans. That is great considering that the amount of employers that are offering health insurance and pension plans are going down. Also, if in the town or state that a person lives in hits a recession, if one has a college degree, then that person is more likely to keep their job. Plus, even if that person does get fired, that person will still be more likely to find a job somewhere else because of the college degree (Ten Great†¦). College is not just a place to get a degree, but it is also a place to make connections and lifelong friends. Making connections is creating relationships with those that are further along in their career. One’s professors will enjoy helping out their students because they would not be professors if they did not care about helping out others. In college, a person will meet many people from many different places. The people that someone is with can listen to people’s stories about their backgrounds, experiences, and cultures. This will be an advantage because meeting a diverse range of people will give one a broader view on the world and cultural understanding (The Benefits†¦). Being in college will help one learn more about themselves. While one is in college, a person will figure out more about their likes and dislikes (The Benefit†¦). College is a time when one is starting to prepare for a career that one will enjoy doing that job for the rest of their life. Hopefully a person in college will find a career that one will enjoy and also be able to perform that job well. The time spent in college will help one become more satisfied with their career choice later on in life. Of course, the obvious benefit of going to college is the education and the knowledge that one will learn. In whatever major that a person takes while in college, one will get a higher understanding of what the class is about. Having the knowledge in a certain area will make a person better at their job. The knowledge that one will gain in college will help that person doing what is needed to get done every day. Plus, with a college degree, one will not need as much training as someone who did not get a degree. The benefits of going to college outweigh the possible negatives of going to college. While there is a chance of someone being very successful in life with only a high school diploma, the odds are just better if one has a college degree. There are many benefits of going to college so that one can earn a college degree. One can get a higher annual salary than someone that does not go to college. Having a college degree with give a person more career choices and also improve their chances of being hired by an employer. One will learn the skills that employers are looking for like knowledge, dependability, computer skills, and much more. A person that goes to college will develop great friendships and make a real connection with people. While in college, one will learn more about themselves, find out more about oneself, and hopefully be able to realize their dreams. There is no correct way to live life, but when someone is trying to figure what path to take so that one can fulfill their dreams and be as happy as possible, the signs point that going to college and getting a college degree is the smarter choice. Works Cited Gill, Deanna. â€Å"Negative Effects of Not Exercising. † n. p. HubPages Inc. 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 3Nov. 2012. Wiley, Blackwell. â€Å"Regular Exercise Reduces Large Number of Health Risks Including Dementia and Some Cancers, Study Finds. † ScienceDaily, 16 Nov. 2010. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. CourseAdvisor. â€Å"Benefits of a College Degree. † Washington Post Company. CourseAdvisor Inc. 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Knowledge and Skills Needed to Succeed in the 21st Century Workplace,† National Center for Higher Education Management Systems, June 2000. â€Å"Ten Great Reasons to Get a College Degree. † n. p. Yellow Page College Directory. 2011. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"The Benefits of a College Degree. † n. p. Hobsons. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"The Real Benefits of a College Degree. † n. p. RightFitDegrees. com, Inc. 2009-2012. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. U. S. News Staff. â€Å"The Average Cost of a U. S. College Education. † n. p. U. S. News & World Report. 24 Aug. 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Value of Education. † n. p. 2003-2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.

Ifrs Adoption in Spain and the United Kingdom: Effects on Accounting Numbers and Relevance

Tutorial questions for Topic 6 Reading exercise Read Gaston et al (2010) article â€Å"IFRS adoption in Spain and the United Kingdom: Effects on accounting numbers and relevance† and find out the answer for the following questions: Q1 What are the research objectives? (the last 5 paragraphs of section 1) The main purpose of this research is to compare and contrast the quantitative impact of the IFRS adoption on financial reporting in Spain and the UK.There are two main research objectives. First it explores the economic and financial effect of the IFRS adoption for companies in the two countries. The second objective is to examine whether or not the IFRS will improve the usefulness of financial reporting. It is expected that companies’ market value and book value will increase under the IFRS adoption in both countries (Gaston et al, 2010). If you use direct quotation instead: The first objective of our study is to analyse the impact of IFRS on financial reports issued b y companies in Spain and the UK† (Gaston et al, 2010, p306). Q2 What is the research sample size? (section 3. 1 in page 306) 100 companies from the Madrid Stock Exchange General Index (IGBM) and 74 companies from the Financial Time Stock Exchange Index 100 (FTSE 100) (excluding financial institutions, holding companies and insurance firms) are used for this research.Q3 How many hypotheses are proposed, and what are they? (section 3. 3, p306-308) There are three hypotheses are proposed in this study and they are: â€Å"H01: There are no significant differences in the value of accounting figures and financial ratios determined under local GAAP and IFRS† â€Å"H02: There are no significant differences in the relative impact of IFRS on the value of accounting figures and financial ratios in the UK and Spain† â€Å"H03:There are no significant differences in the book values (per local GAAP and IFRS) and market value of firms† â€Å"H04: There are no significan t differences in the Gap(spainlocal), Gap(uklocal) and Gap(spainifrs), Gap(ukifrs) (Gaston et al, 2010, p307). Q4 What are the research findings? (section 5, page 312) â€Å"H01: There are no significant differences in the value of accounting figures and financial ratios determined under local GAAP and IFRS† H01 is rejected (not true) in both Spanish and British companies because: After IFRS adoption, Spanish firms showing (p308):Increases in fixed and total assets, long-term liabilities, short-term liabilities and indebtedness. Decreases in current assets, current ratio and solvency After IFRS adoption, UK firms showing (p309): Increases in fixed and total assets, long-term liabilities, short-term liabilities, operating income, net income, indebtedness and return on equity. Decreases in current assets, equity and solvency H02: There are no significant differences in the relative impact of IFRS on the value of accounting figures and financial ratios in the UK and Spain† H02 is rejected (not true) in both Spanish and British companies because: â€Å"the relative impact of IFRS has been statistically different in Spain and the UK on fixed assets, current assets, long-term and short-term liabilities, operating and net income, solvency, indebtedness, return on assets and return on equity (Table 8, p309) H03: There are no significant differences in the book values (per local GAAP and IFRS) and market value of firms† H03 is rejected (not true) in both Spanish and British companies because â€Å"the market value of firms is statistically different from the book value calculated with both local standards and IFRS† (Table 11, p311). H04: There are no significant differences in the Gap(spainlocal), Gap(uklocal) and Gap(spainifrs), Gap(ukifrs) H04 is rejected (not true) in both Spanish and British companies because there are â€Å"significant differences between accounting and market values†¦ these results are the same both in Spain and U K, as well as they apply local or international standards†¦the market value is significantly higher than the book value in all cases† (p312)

Analysis of ‘The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life’ Essay

Erving Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life provides a detailed description and analysis of process and meaning in everyday interaction. Goffman writes from a symbolic interactionist perspective, emphasizing a qualitative analysis of the components of the interactive process. Through a sociological analysis he explores the details of individual identity, group relations, and the movement and interactive meaning of information. Goffman’s perspective provides insight into the nature of social interaction and the psychology of the individual. Goffman employs a â€Å"dramaturgical approach† in his study, concerning himself with the mode of presentation employed by the actor and its meaning in the broader social context (Goffman, 240). Interaction is viewed as a â€Å"performance,† shaped by environment and audience, constructed to provide others with â€Å"impressions† that are consonant with the desired goals of the actor (17). The performance exists regardless of the mental state of the individual, as persona is often imputed to the individual in spite of his or her lack of faith in the performance. Goffman uses the example of the doctor who is forced to give a placebo to a patient, aware of its impotence, as a result of the desire of the patient for more extensive treatment (18). In this way, the individual develops identity or persona as a function of interaction with others, through an exchange of information that allows for more specific definitions of identity and behavior. The process of establishing social identity becomes closely allied to the concept of the â€Å"front,† which is described as â€Å"that part of the individual’s performance which regularly functions in a general and fixed fashion to define the situation for those who observe the performance† (22). The front acts as a vehicle of standardization, allowing for others to understand the individual on the basis of projected character traits that have normative meanings. As a â€Å"collective representation,† the front establishes proper â€Å"setting,† â€Å"appearance,† and â€Å"manner† for the social role assumed by the actor, uniting interactive behavior with the personal front (27). The actor, in order to present a realistic front, is forced to fill the duties of the social role to communicate activities and the characteristics of the role to other people in a consistent manner. In constructing a front, information  about the actor is given off through a variety of communicative sources, all of which must be controlled to convince the audience of the appropriateness of behavior. Believability, as a result, is constructed in terms of verbal signification, which is used by the actor to establish intent, is used by the audience to verify the honesty of statements made by the individual. Attempts are made to present an â€Å"idealized† version of the front, more consistent with the norms and laws of society than the behavior of the actor when not before an audience (35). Information dealing with aberrant behavior and belief is concealed from the audience in a process of â€Å"mystification,† making prominent those characteristics that are socially approved. This legitimatizes both the social role of the individual and the framework to which the role belongs (67). Goffman also explores nature of group dynamics through a discussion of â€Å"teams† and the relationship between performance and audience. He uses the concept of the team to illustrate the work of a group of individuals who â€Å"co-operate† in performance, attempting to achieve goals sanctioned by the group (79). Co-operation may manifest in the assumption of differing roles for each individual, determined by the intent of the performance. Goffman refers to the â€Å"shill,† a member of the team who â€Å"provides a visible model for the audience of the kind of response the performers are seeking,† promoting excitement for the realization of a goal, as an example of a â€Å"discrepant role† in the team (146). In each circumstance, the individual assumes a front that is perceived to enhance the group’s performance. As a result, disagreement can be carried out in the absence of an audience, where the performance changes and may be made without the threat of damaging the goals of the team or individual. This creates a division between the team and audience. Goffman describes the division between team performance and audience in terms of â€Å"region,† describing the role of setting in the differentiation of actions taken by individuals (107). Goffman divides region into â€Å"front,† â€Å"back,† and â€Å"outside† the stage, based upon the relationship of the audience to the performance. While the â€Å"official stance† of the team is visible in their front stage presentation, in the backstage, â€Å"the impression fostered by the presentation is knowingly contradicted as a matter of course,† indicating a more â€Å"truthful† type of performance (112). To be outside the stage involves the inability to gain access to the performance of the team, de scribed as an  Ã¢â‚¬Å"audience segregation† in which specific performances are given to specific audiences. Thus allows the team to create the appropriate front for the demands of each audience (137). This routine allows the team, individual actor, and audience to preserve proper relationships in interaction and the establishments to which the interactions belong. Though detailed and very well portrayed, Goffman’s study does not provide a complete description of interactive processes. In exploring the construction of presentation among individual and teams, Goffman does not fully explore the nature of marginalized individuals. This is significant due to the notion that these individuals and the groups could assume somewhat different roles of interaction among members due to their placement outside of major groups. The methodological approach used by Goffman was also somewhat inconsistent and the approaches to testing to gather data seemed random at times. By limiting his work Goffman also eliminates the possibility of applying the activities of the everyday to the larger social world.Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life overall provides insight into the nature of interpersonal interaction and the institutions to which interaction applies. Despite methodology, Goffman’s work displays an analytical thoroughness in dealing with an interesting area of social thought. Through an inquiry into the everyday life of humanity, Goffman’s work provides an effective foundation for understanding the nature of social   interaction and the development of the individual.

Affecting Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Affecting Change - Essay Example From these trends, it is clear that the traditional model of child protective services (CPS) has failed in its bid to successfully protect many children who require help (American Humane Association, 2005). Traditional child protective services lay more emphasis on investigations of probable maltreatment to establish whether or not children have been or are exposed to risk of being harmed. In general, this model is governed by legal obligations established in every state in the United States of America (Ortiz, Shusterman & Fluke, 2008). Child protection services has care for the children as its main concern but the stipulated laws do not clearly spell out all that has to be carried out to help families and children. However they just offer a framework within which appropriate steps can be taken. Consequently, it is important to point out that the traditional model of child protective service system is not adequately safeguarding the welfare of children. In many occasions, a conflict between the need to protect children and the aspiration to engage and maintain families has been within child welfare services. Professionals within the child protection services, especially the social/ welfare workers probably encounter this tension most. Among others in the field, they endeavor to respond to questions such as: when are the signs of neglect and abuse so severe among children that they have to be taken away from their homes? How can partnership be built with parents in areas of substantiated or suspected child maltreatment. What is the best approach to assist families change to ensure that children’s welfare is well taken care of in the best interest? The traditional model has put more pressure on many welfare workers due to the volume of work hence making it difficult to investigate allegations and engage parents. Further, the approach complicates issues as research has indicated this deficit-focused

Compare and contrast Two Books( SMART POWER by Ted Gelan Carpenter and Essay

Compare and contrast Two Books( SMART POWER by Ted Gelan Carpenter and World Politics By Steven L. Spiegel, Jennifer Morrison..) - Essay Example Understandably though, Spiegel’s approach in the process of discussing the international relationship status of the US is focused upon the major issues that primarily involve the foreign policy of the country in terms of making a great impact on the field of worldwide systems accepted by the human society today. With the different collection of essays about the importance and influence of the country’s political status in the entirety of the human society, Spiegel was actually able to clearly depict the different issues that make the said situation much implicative in the kind of political culture that the other countries around the world are naturally dealing with at present. In the paragraphs that follow, an understanding on how these readings actually make a great implication on the different situations that afflict the American politics which in turn also affects the entire political system of the human society as well. The said issues are further subdivided to naturally give the readers a fine understanding as to how the authors of the book naturally considers POWER as an essential element that characterizes the capability of political systems to work for the best values of the human society at present. American politics is known to prime during the election period where the most common activities of the politicians become significantly visible to the public. To gain the support and votes of the American citizens, politicians resort to any form of media approach to effectively communicate their political agenda and prospected projects when they are in position. In aspect, it is historically and prevalently true that money and other financial mediums play an important part. Every campaign process that is known to the contemporary society needs funding in monetary basis thus the wealth of the politician commensurate that of his electoral campaign. This prevalent political principle can be viewed as a

Forensic evidence on Major criminal case Research Paper

Forensic evidence on Major criminal case - Research Paper Example me notable criminal cases witnessed in the 20th and 21st century, there are significant representations of the practice and art of criminal law particularly pertaining to analysis of evidence and incrimination. Taking, for instance, the unsolved case of Peggy Hettrick’s murder, a lot is revealed concerning evidence and incrimination analysis. Briefly, this is typically a case whereby Peggy Hettrick, a manager of a clothing shop in Fort Collins Colorado, was murdered on February 11, 1987 as she left a the prime minister’s pub and grill in the company of her ex-boyfriend Matt Zoellner. When her body was found, she had been knifed in the back of her head, and further investigations as well revealed her body to have been sexually mutilated in a surgical manner (Lichtenwald, 2009. p. 52-54). The forensic evidence introduced in the trial were linked to Timothy Masters, who was the first suspect. Although there was no any physical evidence linking him to the murder, he was a key suspect based on the fact the he saw the body but did not bother to report the incidence to the police. Consequently, the police searched his school locker and home where they found a Knife collection, pornography materials, and over one thousand pages of violent artistic writings. Based on these outcomes, the knife collections, pornography magazines, and artistic drawings of violence were the forensic evidence introduced at the trial, allegedly linking Masters to the murder. During the investigations and hearings, expert testimonies were given by Dr. J. Reid Meloy. Dr. Meloy played a significant role in the testimony since he was a forensic psychologist from California, who analyzed Masters artistic drawings and writings. From his analysis, he interpreted the drawings of the body being pulled and a knife cutting into the female genitals as emphatically pinning Masters to the crime. This was with respect to answering the questions of the surgical mutilations and the reason Masters did not

Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecology - Essay Example Global warming is however beginning to have significant impact on this insect. This impact may as yet not be dramatic for decades but a clue of what is in the offing, if unchecked, is already visible in the study of this insect. A major contributing factor to the issue of global warming is the dependence of industrial sectors on fossil fuels which are rich in carbon and when burned combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. The Sinai Baton Blue butterfly is found in the terrestrial ecosystems around the globe. Unfortunately global warming is having a very harmful effect on the Natural habitat of this butterfly. This butterfly must maintain a level of interaction with its abiotic environment in order to survive. Proteins and nucleic acids are essential nutrients to this insect and the growth of plants from which it derives these nutrients is being severely hampered by the reduction in nitrogen in the soil. Nitrogen fixation by decomposers is already being affected by global warming. Also affected in its terrestrial ecosystems is the water cycle, over 90 Percent of the moisture that enters the ecosystem passes through plants and evaporates from their leaves. A reduction In soil nitrogen therefore affects the water cycle. The earths rising temperature are beginning very noticeable impact on this butterfly. Its ecosystems are changing on the individual, population and community levels. At the individual level of its ecology this butterfly may not survive in a region above certain degrees in termperature.the change being witnessed now is an estimated average of 0.6C within the last 100 years. It therefore implies that with the current rate in global warming more drastic changes will occur that will lead to the outright extinction of this butterfly. The Sinai Baton blues are beginning to breed and migrate earlier than expected. They have shifted ranges northward by 200km in Europe and north America-a pole ward shift and as well movement towards higher elevations. In the next 50 years the Sinai Baton Blue Butterfly will have migrated to areas, which were uninhabitable to it in the past. Another area where the potential effect of global warming will be felt greatly are the categories of plant it helps pollinate. Plants are among the slow movers in reaction to changes in global warming. a direct implication therefore will be extinction of large numbers of plant species. As more and more of this butterflies jostle for the available conducive habitat, a trend will set in-the survival of the fittest. This happens because the population will continue to rise without limit thus ensuing gross overcrowding and the habitat becomes saturated with the butterflies as it reaches its full carrying capacity and can support no more, thus leading to invariable reduction in population. Global warming also has the potential to decrease the diversity of the butterfly, which occurs when their habitat is drastically altered. Interactions among these butterflies and other species also result. In conclusion the current rate of global warming is very disturbing. Severe stress and pressure is being mounted on the butterfly and there is an urgent need to quickly find ways of reducing the harmful impact of the

Anthropologists in the military Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropologists in the military - Term Paper Example For far too long, the Pentagon and other military institutions have put too much focus on overwhelming firepower. Tanks, planes, and artillery are incredibly important resources which any military must bring to bear in a conflict. This is called hard power. But there are other aspects to the exercise of power that modern militaries must consider. It is extremely important to remember that hard power is most effective when used, hand in glove, with soft power. Soft power doesn't involve violence or coercion. It involves being smart about obtaining and using information. Having anthropologists in the military is a great use of soft power. The goal of having military anthropologists is an important one, the army says. The army talks about the Human Terrain of every conflict. It is vital to have specialists on the ground who can help assist soldiers in understanding the social context all around them. In many cases, this has to do with power: Who is it the soldiers should talk to? How sh ould they treat that person? What are the cultural norms? As one Army paper succinctly puts it: â€Å"The environment in which we operate is complex and demands that we employ every weapon in our arsenal, both kinetic and non-kinetic. To fully utilize all approaches, we must understand the local culture and history. Learn about the tribes, formal and informal leaders, governmental and religious structures, and local security forces. We must understand how the society functions so we can enable Iraqis to build a stable, self-reliant nation† (Human Terrain). Applied anthropology can be useful to many different fields, but it is an unspecific term. When anthropology is applied in contemporary warfare settings it is called military anthropology. Involving anthropologists in these kinds of scenarios can be controversial. Groups such as the American Anthropological Association have said that anthropologists engaged in this kind of work are violating ethical standards in that their subjects may be hurt (AAA). That is one way of looking at it. Another way is to suggest that using anthropologists actually saves lives, as it makes the military work more efficiently and can avoid the deaths of innocence. No one can doubt that being embedded with American military unit in Iraq is not only dangerous but ethically controversial. However, anthropologists are on the ground and able to work in real life setting, in situations with real consequences. For some, that surely must be better than writing a research paper about some long-dead tribe. Patriotic anthropologists have an opportunity to improve the safety and security of not only their own country, but civilians in whichever country that they are engaged in. It might not be for everyone, but it should not be ruled inappropriate for everyone. There will always be critics of these kinds of operations, but the key is to maintain a flexible position. All aspects of civilian expertise should be incorporated into military operations, if they provide an edge. As Anne Mulrine explains in an article on the subject: Some anthropologists, while remaining critical of the program, are beginning to argue that perhaps the Pentagon has a point, to an extent. "I think we need to break out of the 1960s mold that many of us are in," says Shweder. He notes that such a move is "a long way" from supporting the notion of anthropologists on the Pentagon payroll, but he adds that perhaps it is

Leadership and Management as Some of the Most Important Aspects of the Essay

Leadership and Management as Some of the Most Important Aspects of the Organizational Structure - Essay Example The researcher states that leadership refers to the process by which an individual has the ability to enlist the support of others so as to accomplish a common task. Management, on the other hand, is described as the process of getting resources together to enable one to accomplish a certain task. According to F.T Taylor, management is â€Å"the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done the best and cheapest way†. The management process comprises of organizing, planning, directing, staffing and controlling an entity so as to attain a certain objective. Some researchers have identified differences between leadership and management. Warren Bennis listed a number of differences between the two. The first of these differences was that a manager maintains and administers while a leaders work is to develop and innovate. He also said that while the manager is a copy, a leader is an original. Managers mostly focus on systems and structure while the leader†™s focus is on the people. While managers rely on control and imitating, the leader originates and inspires trust. Management is characterized by short-term views while it is the exact opposite when it comes to leadership. The basic duty of management is to do things right while for leadership, it is to dot he right thing. Although these differences exist between leadership and management, the two must go hand in hand so as to ensure maximum efficiency within an organization. The subject of leadership and management has attracted much attention from researchers who have identified different approaches to the two. Most of these approaches are quite significant and relevant in today’s world as will be discussed in this paper. An important theory of leadership is Bass Theory which states that the way people become leaders can be explained in three basic points. The first is that certain personality traits may naturally lead people to leadership roles. This is also called the T rait theory. An important occurrence or crisis may cause a person to exhibit leadership qualities never seen before. This is also referred to as the Great Events Theory. The third point is that a person people can choose to become a leader in learning leadership skills.

Discussion Board Forum Forrest Gump Movie Review

Discussion Board Forum Forrest Gump - Movie Review Example By contrast, the All American hero (Gump) kyte-flyes above the drama, blissfuly ignorant of what is really going on, to raise from a crippled moronic child and become a sports star, a Superman during the war, chummy to three Presidents, and a billionaire, of course. So, if you are a conservative, you come out of the theater thinking "They got what they deserved, both of them" and wholeheartedly adhere to the movie's morals and sociological analysis. However, if the metacodes are read with more sensitive antennae, a different picture can be perceived. Existentialist ideas are in the background throughout the movie. Chance and destiny are counter played in the lifes of Jenny and Gump; there is no higher purpose, no good and evil, no God. There is only life. In this context, the countercultures are just one aspect of life. It is just by chance that Jenny is immersed in them and Gump is not, their roles in the movie are starkly black and white, to drive home the message. They could easily have exchanged their roles, their trajectories, their "destinies". Real life is a mixture of both, and any human being can during his/her lifetime partake in hell and heaven. The elements of the counterculture have always been there and will always be, as long as there is a human alive.

Innovative Management Practices and Positive and Negative Tradeoffs of Essay

Innovative Management Practices and Positive and Negative Tradeoffs of Toyota Company - Essay Example Even the most minor of hiccups have been caught and analyzed in a proper way so that no ambiguities shall remain uncaught within the automobile industry as far as manufacturing state of the art vehicles is concerned. The emphasis has been on quality at all levels which indeed speaks much for the automobile industry in general and the operations that are being handled at each and every rank in meticulous. The positive tradeoffs with outsourcing production function to supplier organizations come about in the wake of lowered cost issues which would have been higher had the same been done at the manufacturer’s end. This becomes a huge aspect that comes under consideration whenever there is a discussion on the price tangent that is involved overall. Further, this seems to be one of the stronger positives that comes out of the related equations mainly because outsourcing has come out as a trend in the modern world that has brought about a lot of incentives (Klepper, 2004). The negative tradeoffs with outsourcing production function to supplier organizations happen when there is less control for the parent automobile manufacturer and his exertion becomes minimal or even negligible within the localized market domains. This poses a significant problem which when seen from a strategic perspective can leave a lasting impact on the entire automobile industry. The innovative management practices at Toyota have ensured that the faulty automobiles were never delivered to its esteemed customers. This was one guarantee that came about in the wake of the highly efficient management regimes which were in place and still remain strong within it. The relationship between Toyota and its customers is just too strong to manifest these kinds of gross mistakes.

Standard Deviation use in the Business World Essay Example for Free

Standard Deviation use in the Business World Essay Abstract This paper evaluates the role of standard deviation in business. As part of the evaluation, a brief summary of five different peer reviewed papers has been presented. Topics such as, the purpose of the study, the research questions, the hypothesis of the study, and the main findings of the study for the five papers, have been summarized by each of the learning team members. Standard Deviation use in the Business World Standard Deviation is a statistical measurement that shows how data are spread above and below the mean. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation (Cleaves, Hobbs, Noble, 2012). It plays a key role in business management, with one of its benefits being that it simplifies the determination of variability in a given symmetrical data set. In this paper, the role of Standard Deviation in business has been presented by means of summarizing five peer-reviewed papers. Summary of Paper 1 In order to understand the role of standard deviation in business world, the first paper reviewed is on the topic ‘Risk: An uncommon deviation’, by Scott, D (2006). Standard deviation has a critical role to play in evaluating the risks involved in the field of business investments. Below is the summary of the findings from the paper: Purpose of the Study The paper focused on understanding the role of using standard deviation in estimating the risks involved in investments. According to Scott (2006), historically few, if any, real world investors naturally think in terms of standard deviations when they think about risk. The traditional risk models did not take into account standard deviation. In this paper, the author has evaluated the impact of using standard deviation in enhancing risk management strategies. Research Questions The key questions discussed within this paper are 1. Does use of standard deviation help in estimating all possible outcomes involved in business investments? 2. Does use of standard deviation help in mitigating risks? Hypothesis The hypothesis used in the paper is that the risk in the real world includes a set of situations and outcomes that no model can ever capture and no statistic can ever express. However, the usage of standard deviation can possibly help in building a more predictable risk management strategy. Findings of the study Below are the findings of the study 1. Standard deviation can help in predicting many of the possible risks, but there will always be rogue risks, which are very hard to predict. Risk that can be modeled mathematically is only part of the risk. However, standard deviation can help in greatly enhancing the traditional risk evaluation models, since most of the times the performance outcomes stay within the realms of a normal distribution (Scott, 2006). 2. It is essential to diversity the risk management techniques used. According to Scott (2006), it is essential to pay attention to correlation coefficients, covariance matrices and other statistical analyses by all means, but also assess the actual financial exposure to any one issuer, economic happening or institutional structure. 3. Challenge those whose professional training encourages them to equate risk and standard deviation (Scott, 2006). Summary of Paper 2 The second paper chosen is titled â€Å"Implied Standard Deviations and Post-earnings Announcement Volatility† by Acker, D (2002). Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to investigate if there is increase in volatility of stock prices following annual earnings announcements. The study is using implied standard deviations (ISDs), which are derived from option prices to establish the day-by-day changes in volatility within the announcement period. The focus is primarily on the timing of the volatility increase, rather than on the level of increase. Research Questions 1. Can the timing of market volatility due to reaction to bad news or good news, be predicted using the ISD? 2. Is there difference in the timing of reaction between, good news, easy to interpret news vs bad news, or difficult to interpret news? 3. Is the delayed reaction to bad news a manifestation of their lower degree of earnings persistence? Hypothesis The hypothesis is that good news announcements are associated with positive returns and bad news is associated with negative returns. Announcements of bad news have generally been established to have lower earnings response coefficients. The conditions of changing volatility, the ISD of an at-the-money option can be interpreted as an estimate of the expected standard deviation of the return over the life of that option, and can therefore be used to analyze the pattern of volatility, which the market expects to occur around an announcement. Announcements of earnings per share (eps) figures with a high transitory component, whose implications for the future are more difficult to assess, should be associated with a delayed volatility reaction. Findings of the study 1. If the day of the of the anticipated volatility increase is known, then by measuring the ISD at two points before that day, the `basic volatility and the amount increase can be deduced. 2. The ISDs tend to rise before the announcement date and fall after it. The day 10 ISDs suggest that volatility rises again roughly two weeks after the announcement. 3. Announcing bad news and announcing news that is difficult to interpret both have an incremental effect on delaying the volatility reaction, but the effect of bad news appeared to be dominant. 4. Companies reporting bad news deliberately convey less precise information, thereby extending the period required by the markets to analyze its implications. 5. When there is no news, ISD and hence volatility did not appear to change significantly around the announcement. Summary of Paper 3 The third paper chosen is titled â€Å"Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from  regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena† by Andreas and Pascal (2013). Purpose of the Study With steady increase of data availability of human behavior collected through online social services, there is a big potential for data scientist to leverage standard deviation as the tool to conduct real time detection and analytic studies of extraordinary offline phenomena. Such detection helps build foundational marketing opportunities for social commerce. Research Questions 1. Does communication environment (i.e. facebook, twitter, match.com) has its normal state of user behavior? 2. Is there seasonal trend in the patter? How big are the variations? 3. What is the dynamic empirical state base on the historical data pattern? Do large deviations detected between system states versus empirical state work as indicators of user’s offline phenomenon? Hypothesis Large deviations between the states of the social platform as forecasted by the empirical model can be used as indicators of extraordinary events, which led users to deviate from their regular usage patterns. Findings Studies launched on Twitter base on historical usage in 2011 – 2012 concludes that each social platform has its own variable of usage pattern that is specific to individual user. The normal state of communication environment can be measure by specific variables in the data documenting the user behavior online. After removing the seasonal trends, statistic model can determine the large deviations between the state of the system as forecasted and the empirical state. These large deviations are later validated as truly extraordinary events that led the users to deviate from the normal usage patterns (Andreas Pascal, 2013). These variations act as predictors for the social companies to proactively launch market campaign to target audiences. Summary of Paper 4 The fourth paper chosen is titled â€Å"Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: a cross-country analysis†, by Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L.  (2007). Purpose of the Study Worldwide nutritional status of population can be measured using height and weight anthropometric indicators. In 1978, World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the Standard Deviation of the Z scores of these indicators remains relatively constant across population, irrespective of nutritional status. In 2006, WHO published new growth standards and purpose of study is to find whether above standards can still be used to access data quality. Research Questions 1. Are previous measures of Z scores calculation still applicable to measure worldwide nutritional status of population? 2. Can nutritional status, especially in children, from both developed and developing countries, be used as international references? 3. Will Z-score rages still apply to data collected after the application of 2006 WHO growth standards? Hypothesis Since the Z-Score scale is linear, summery statistics i.e. mean, Standard Deviation, and standard errors caused through delta of application can be computed from Z-Score values. Z-Score summery statistics is also helpful for grouping growth data, irrespective of age, sex and nationality. The summary statistics obtained for current application model can be compared with earlier references. Findings Available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) represent nationally and contains large sample sizes. As these surveys are supported by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), they can be used authentically and contain wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators. As per 51 DHS surveys obtained, 32 were from 23 African countries, four from three Asian countries and 15 from eight Latin American countries. The Z scores were obtained for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height and body mass index for age. For all these four indicators, Z-score in Latin American countries were higher than in African and Asian countries, even though the Standard Deviation for all the three indicators were relatively stable and did not vary much with the Z-Score means. References Acker, D. (2002). Implied Standard Deviations and Post-earnings Announcement Volatility. Journal Of Business Finance Accounting, 29(3/4), 429. Andreas, J., Pascal, J. (2013). Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena. Internet Research, 23(5), 589 607. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2012-0115 Cleaves, C., Hobbs, M., Noble, J. (2012). Business Math (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from VitalBook file. Scott, D. (2006). Risk: an uncommon deviation. JASSA, n.a.(2), 30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/89211018?pq-origsite=summon Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. (2007). Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: A cross country analysis. World Health Organization.Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(6), 441-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/22955688 7?accountid=458

Cache Memory Plays A Lead Role Information Technology Essay

Cache Memory Plays A Lead Role Information Technology Essay Answer: Cache (prominent and pronounced as cash) memory is enormously and extremely fast memory that is built into a computers central processing unit (CPU) or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs, improving overall system speed. It helps CPU to accessing for frequently or recently accessed data. C:UsersraushanPicturespage36-1.jpg References: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cache-memory.htm Reason for Cache Memory: There are various reasons for using Cache in the computer some of the reason is mentioning following. The RAM is comparatively very slow as compared to System CPU and it is also far from the CPU (connected through Bus), so there is need to add another small size memory which is very near to the CPU and also very fast so that the CPU will not remain in deadlock mode while it waiting resources from main memory. this memory is known as Cache memory. This is also a RAM but is very high speed as compare to Primary memory i.e. RAM. In Speed CPU works in femto or nano seconds the distance also plays a major role in case of performance. Cache memory is designed to supply the CPU with the most frequently requested data and instructions. Because retrieving data from cache takes a fraction of the time that it takes to access it from main memory, having cache memory can save a lot of time. Whenever we work on more than one application. This cache memory is use to keep control and locate the running application within fraction of nano seconds. It enhances performance capability of the system. Cache memory directly communicates with the processor. It is used preventing mismatch between processor and memory while switching from one application two another instantaneously whenever needed by user. It keeps track of all currently working applications and their currently used resources. For example, a web browser stores newly visited web pages in a cache directory, so that we can return promptly to the page without requesting it from the original server. When we strike the Reload button, browser compares the cached page with the current page out on the network, and updates our local version if required. References: 1. http://www.kingston.com/tools/umg/umg03.asp 2. http://www.kingston.com/frroot/tools/umg/umg03.asp 3. http://ask.yahoo.com/19990329.html How Cache Works? Answer: The cache is programmed (in hardware) to hold recently-accessed memory locations in case they are needed again. So, each of these instructions will be saved in the cache after being loaded from memory the first time. The next time the processor wants to use the same instruction, it will check the cache first, see that the instruction it needs is there, and load it from cache instead of going to the slower system RAM. The number of instructions that can be buffered this way is a function of the size and design of the cache. The details of how cache memory works vary depending on the different cache controllers and processors, so I wont describe the exact details. In general, though, cache memory works by attempting to predict which memory the processor is going to need next, and loading that memory before the processor needs it, and saving the results after the processor is done with it. Whenever the byte at a given memory address is needed to be read, the processor attempts to get the data from the cache memory. If the cache doesnt have that data, the processor is halted while it is loaded from main memory into the cache. At that time memory around the required data is also loaded into the cache. When data is loaded from main memory to the cache, it will have to replace something that is already in the cache. So, when this happens, the cache determines if the memory that is going to be replaced has changed. If it has, it first saves the changes to main memory, and then loads the new data. The cache sys tem doesnt worry about data structures at all, but rather whether a given address in main memory is in the cache or not. In fact, if you are familiar with virtual memory where the hard drive is used to make it appear like a computer has more RAM than it really does, the cache memory is similar. Lets take a library as an example o how caching works. Imagine a large library but with only one librarian (the standard one CPU setup). The first person comes into the library and asks for A CSA book (By IRV Englander). The librarian goes off follows the path to the bookshelves (Memory Bus) retrieves the book and gives it to the person. The book is returned to the library once its finished with. Now without cache the book would be returned to the shelf. When the next person arrives and asks for CSA book (By IRV Englander), the same process happens and takes the same amount of time. Cache memory is like a hot list of instructions needed by the CPU. The memory manager saves in cache each instruction the CPU needs; each time the CPU gets an instruction it needs from cache that instruction moves to the top of the hot list. When cache is filled and the CPU calls for a new instruction, the system overwrites the data in cache that hasnt been used for the longest period of time. This way, the high priority information thats used continuously stays in cache, while the less frequently used information drops out after an Interval. Its similar to when u access a program frequently the program is listed on the start menu here need not have to find the program from the list on all programs u simply open the start menu and click on the program listed there, doesnt this saves Your time. Working of cache Pentium 4: Pentium 4: L1 cache (8k bytes, 64 byte lines, Four ways set associative) L2 cache (256k,128 byte lines,8 way set associative) References: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cache.htm http://www.kingston.com/tools/umg/umg03.asp http://www.zak.ict.pwr.wroc.pl/nikodem/ak_materialy/Cache%20organization%20by%20Stallings.pdf Levels of Cache Level 1 Cache (L1): The Level 1 cache, or primary cache, is on the CPU and is used for temporary storage of instructions and data organised in blocks of 32 bytes. Primary cache is the fastest form of storage. Because its built in to the chip with a zero wait-state (delay) interface to the processors execution unit, it is limited in size. Level 1 cache is implemented using Static RAM (SRAM) and until recently was traditionally 16KB in size. SRAM uses two transistors per bit and can hold data without external assistance, for as long as power is supplied to the circuit. The second transistor controls the output of the first: a circuit known as a flip-flop so-called because it has two stable states which it can flip between. This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data contents. Intels P55 MMX processor, launched at the start of 1997, was noteworthy for the increase in size of its Level 1 cache to 32KB. The AMD K6 and Cyrix M2 chips launched later that year upped the ante further by providing Level 1 caches of 64KB. 64Kb has remained the standard L1 cache size, though various multiple-core processors may utilise it differently. For all L1 cache designs the control logic of the primary cache keeps the most frequently used data and code in the cache and updates external memory only when the CPU hands over control to other bus masters, or during direct memory access by peripherals such as optical drives and sound cards. http://www.pctechguide.com/14Memory_L1_cache.htm ever_s1 Level 2 Cache (L2): Most PCs are offered with a Level 2 cache to bridge the processor/memory performance gap. Level 2 cache also referred to as secondary cache) uses the same control logic as Level 1 cache and is also implemented in SRAM. Level 2 caches typically comes in two sizes, 256KB or 512KB, and can be found, or soldered onto the motherboard, in a Card Edge Low Profile (CELP) socket or, more recently, on a COAST module. The latter resembles a SIMM but is a little shorter and plugs into a COAST socket, which is normally located close to the processor and resembles a PCI expansion slot. The aim of the Level 2 cache is to supply stored information to the processor without any delay (wait-state). For this purpose, the bus interface of the processor has a special transfer protocol called burst mode. A burst cycle consists of four data transfers where only the addresses of the first 64 are output on the address bus. The most common Level 2 cache is synchronous pipeline burst. To have a synchronous cache a chipset, such as Triton, is required to support it. It can provide a 3-5% increase in PC performance because it is timed to a clock cycle. This is achieved by use of specialised SRAM technology which has been develo ped to allow zero wait-state access for consecutive burst read cycles. There is also asynchronous cache, which is cheaper and slower because it isnt timed to a clock cycle. With asynchronous SRAM, available in speeds between 12 and 20ns, (http://www.pctechguide.com/14Memory_L2_cache.htm) 976 http://www.karbosguide.com/books/pcarchitecture/images/976.png (picture) L3 cache Level 3 cache is something of a luxury item. Often only high end workstations and servers need L3 cache. Currently for consumers only the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition even features L3 cache. L3 has been both on-die, meaning part of the CPU or external meaning mounted near the CPU on the motherboard. It comes in many sizes and speeds. The point of cache is to keep the processor pipeline fed with data. CPU cores are typically the fastest part in the computer. As a result cache is used to pre-read or store frequently used instructions and data for quick access. Cache acts as a high speed buffer memory to more quickly provide the CPU with data. So, the concept of CPU cache leveling is one of performance optimization for the processor. http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,1517372,00.asp The image below shows the complete cache hierarchy of the Shanghai processor. Barcelona also has a similar hierarchy except that it only has 2MB of L3 cache. L3_Cache_Architecture http://developer.amd.com/PublishingImages/L3_Cache_Architecture.jpg (picture) Cache Memory Organisation In a modern microprocessor several caches are found. They not only vary in size and functionality, but also their internal organization is typically different across the caches. Instruction Cache The instruction cache is used to store instructions. This helps to reduce the cost of going to memory to fetch instructions. The instruction cache regularly holds several other things, like branch prediction information. In certain cases, this cache can even perform some limited operation(s). The instruction cache on UltraSPARC, for example, also pre-decodes the incoming instruction. Data Cache A data cache is a fast buffer that contains the application data. Before the processor can operate on the data, it must be loaded from memory into the data cache. The element needed is then loaded from the cache line into a register and the instruction using this value can operate on it. The resultant value of the instruction is also stored in a register. The register contents are then stored back into the data cache. Eventually the cache line that this element is part of is copied back into the main memory. In some cases, the cache can be bypassed and data is stored into the registers directly. TLB Cache Translating a virtual page address to a valid physical address is rather costly. The TLB is a cache to store these translated addresses. Each entry in the TLB maps to an entire virtual memory page. The CPU can only operate on data and instructions that are mapped into the TLB. If this mapping is not present, the system has to re-create it, which is a relatively costly operation. The larger a page, the more effective capacity the TLB has. If an application does not make good use of the TLB (for example, random memory access) increasing the size of the page can be beneficial for performance, allowing for a bigger part of the address space to be mapped into the TLB. Some microprocessors, including UltraSPARC, implement two TLBs. One for pages containing instructions (I-TLB) and one for data pages (D-TLB). An Example of a typical cache organization is shown below: Cache Memory Principles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small amount of fast memory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Placed between the processor and main memory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Located either on the processor chip or on a separate module Cache Operation Overview Processor requests the contents of some memory location The cache is checked for the requested data If found, the requested word is delivered to the processor If not found, a block of main memory is first read into the cache, then therequested word is delivered to the processor When a block of data is fetched into the cache to satisfy a single memory reference, it is likely that there will be future references to that same memory location or to other words in the block locality or reference rule. Each block has a tag added to recognize it. Mapping Function An algorithm is needed to map main memory blocks into cache lines. A method is needed to determine which main memory block occupies a cache line. There are three techniques used: Direct Fully Associative Set Associative Direct Mapping: Direct mapped is a simple and efficient organization. The (virtual or physical) memory address of the incoming cache line controls which cache location is going to be used. Implementing this organization is straightforward and is relatively easy to make it scale with the processor clock. In a direct mapped organization, the replacement policy is built-in because cache line replacement is controlled by the (virtual or physical) memory address. Direct mapping assigned each memory block to a specific line in the cache. If a line is all ready taken up by a memory block when a new block needs to be loaded, the old block is trashed. The figure below shows how multiple blocks are mapped to the same line in the cache. This line is the only line that each of these blocks can be sent to. In the case of this figure, there are 8 bits in the block identification portion of the memory address. Consider a simple example-a 4-kilobyte cache with a line size of 32 bytes direct mapped on virtual addresses. Thus each load/store to cache moves 32 bytes. If one variable of type float takes 4 bytes on our system, each cache line will hold eight (32/4=8) such variables. http://csciwww.etsu.edu/tarnoff/labs4717/x86_sim/images/direct.gif The address for this broken down something like the following: Tag 8 bits identifying line in cache word id bits Direct mapping is simple and inexpensive to implement, but if a program accesses 2 blocks that map to the same line repeatedly, the cache begins to thrash back and forth reloading the line over and over again meaning misses are very high. Fully Associative: The fully associative cache design solves the potential problem of thrashing with a direct-mapped cache. The replacement policy is no longer a function of the memory address, but considers usage instead. With this design, typically the oldest cache line is evicted from the cache. This policy is called least recently used (LRU). In the previous example, LRU prevents the cache lines of a and b from being moved out prematurely. The downside of a fully associative design is cost. Additional logic is required to track usage of lines. The larger the cache size, the higher the cost. Therefore, it is difficult to scale this technology to very large (data) caches. Luckily, a good alternative exists. The address is broken into two parts: a tag used to identify which block is stored in which line of the cache (s bits) and a fixed number of LSB bits identifying the word within the blocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tag  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   word id bits Set Associative: Set associative addresses the problem of possible thrashing in the direct mapping method. It does this by saying that instead of having exactly one line that a block can map to in the cache, we will group a few lines together creating a set. Then a block in memory can map to any one of the lines of a specific set. There is still only one set that the block can map to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tag  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   word id bits

Brave New World Utopia Or Dystopia Philosophy Essay

Brave New World Utopia Or Dystopia Philosophy Essay Brave New World is both, utopia and dystopia. The author Aldous Huxley intended to depict an imagined new world after Ford, an industrial era, where all people would be happy and extremely satisfied or as content as the ideal society would let them be. Yet, to determine utopia and dystopia in Brave New World, we have to look at the new world from our own time and from the time before Ford, seen through the eyes of John the Savage, our predecessor. The world we observe herein reflects a futuristic world, a world that is to come, and a happy world we can imagine with an amount of disbelief. People of our world, the world which is happier than the savages world, still not as happy as the Fords world, will have to consider all the facts that make the new world look happy and brave. The notion of a brave world will inevitably lead to the question of what makes the new world brave. Freedom to do only what pleases us or freedom to identify only with our single-minded community, whose happin ess is controlled, makes us submissive to the rules, intrinsic and learnt rules, for we wish to enjoy our lives despite all odds. The ideas are as brave as the community that fosters them keeps them alive and effective. BNW has the power to control and please its citizens, because they indulge to their hedonistic consumer orientated feelings, blessed by their God Ford. Therefore it is necessary to confront the values and ideas people share at the time before Ford and after Ford. Is the BNW a good or a bad world? How utopian is it and how dystopian is it? Is this world, which Huxley satirically depicted, is it a real utopia or its bad version, an unimaginably and disgustingly surreal dystopia? BNW as utopia This novel is presenting many brave ideas placed in future. The community depicted in the novel, being futuristic, appears as a utopian society. There are a couple of elements that present its utopian side. They are: a highly reproductive, healthy, wealthy and stabile community. These are provided by the government who ensures planning and controlling everything that is in peoples interest. Government takes good care of their citizens. Citizens live and work closely together, they are agreeable on everything and there is no conflict. Reasons control emotions in a society whose member should all feel happy with what they are and what they have. Being a utopian novel, BNW tells a story about being ultimately happy in a world that does not incite emotions or causes pain. Genetically improved people live an undisturbed happy and healthy life in a society that provides for their constant well being. They are very intelligent Alphas and Betas, and less intelligent Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, but all of them are happy with what they are and how they live. A stable caste system solved by standard Gammas, unvarying Deltas, uniform Epsilons. Millions of identical twins. The principle of mass production at last applied to biology (Huxley, 2002:8). Love in this community is deprived of feelings or its disturbing emotional conditions, or to say love does not exist. It cannot hurt, as it usually hurts. There is no pain or regret. Sex is considered as recreation and there is no immorality in orgies. It is simply a pleasure that people should do often and with all the other beautiful members of the community. All members of the community have whatever they need: drinks, food, sex, soma (drugs). A reproductive goal is painless delivery of new people to the world, controlled properly for the sake of the health, prosperity and stability of the society. Women do not have to deliver babies. They do not have to go through the pain. Everybody loves everybody. It is phenomenal to have so much love anywhere people go. Ford justifies promiscuity with biological animal reasons. People intercourse with everyone and ladies are so fittingly pneumatic, just like Ford vehicles are. Babies are raised in bottles that are to be predestined in detail (Huxley, 2002: 9) through the Bokanovsky process as it is one of the major instruments of social stability!( Huxley, 2002: 7). There, in the bottles, they are prepared for what they are going to be when they come out and grow up in the society where everyone knows their place, they know about things they are predestined for and diseases they will be cured against. People are not afraid of death, because it is a natural course of things. All the aforementioned conveniences provide members of the happy BNW community with their unique identity of a happy nation. They are free members of their community in the way that they are free to extremely enjoy life in the line with the rules of their happy community. They have been taught that understanding of the world since the bottle time, and afterwards through hypnopaedic incantation for the sake of stability, lulled by their thoughtful proverbs like Leninas favorite a gramme is better than a damn. The director of the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre educates that two hundred repetitions of the same or a similar lesson would be wedded indissolubly. What man has joined, nature is powerless to put asunder (Huxley, 2002:17). As for art, people do not make it. Their life is so colorful, stable and happy that no inner state of mind should be expressed more effectively than consuming goods and reaching satisfaction, which pleases human bodily and spiritual needs. Talking about science, there is nothing that should be invented as the society living in wealth, and everyone have their lives at ease. The community is well advanced and further advancements could only misbalance the casts needs, and it is unnecessary because everyone has his own predestined role in the stable society that is already prosperous. How utopian indeed! Huxley observed in foreword of his novel written in 1946 with the time he set in the novel six hundred years in the future, although it seems to him that we are hardly one hundred years far from the horror (KoljeviĆ¡, 2002:137). His opinion leads us to the notion of dystopia, as the author concludes it to be a horrifying reality in which people shall live in one day in the alienated world enriched with technologies. BNW as dystopia By converting into dystopia, the happy society becomes a place ruled under totalitarian conditions in our own eyes. Initially, John the Savage grasps the new word because he thinks it is a world with brave ideas, but later on he recognizes the world to be sinful. Being different entails ones expatriation from the happy society. One has the freedom to choose between thinking differently and being a follower. Huxley questions the world that solved all of its problems where children are made in labsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦grown up in the spirit of three main social paroles: community, identity, stability. These paroles are imprinted in their minds when they were sleeping and once they became adults they would keep repeating them as supreme wisdoms and morality(KovaÄ eviĆ¡, 1984:268). Attempts to distort the unquestioned identity of the community will lead to social isolation. Freedom to think differently dies with dystopia. Island is the perfect place for the different member of the community. Some members are not reliable members of the society, their appearance, skills and performance are not as they are meant to be, some of the members want to conduct scientific researches, and science is found as a disturbing element for the community. Such people who are like Bernard and Helmholtz need to accept the regime or to be expatriated if disobeyed. To cure the disagreement sickness that leads into instability, people better take soma. People are meant to obey as they were learnt to, as their creators predestined them. Creators decant babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers or future à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦future World controllers (Huxley, 2002:109). BNW is really a disgusting society, which gives one all hedonistic pleasure he/she can think of, against Bible and morality. No feelings exist there, people are not free to make their own choice, their physical existence is abuse of their blood and flesh without any pain for pains a delusion (Huxley, 2002:108). Women are decent Alpha Leninas, highly respected whores; all people enjoy promiscuity. Svetozar KoljeviĆ¡ cites June Deery that women in the society are seen and regard themselves as meat and, as in our society, meat which must be lean, not fat (KoljeviĆ¡, 2002:136). As sexually immorality caused decay of Rome, so it could have the same implications on BNW. The brave new world is just a technically advanced world, a new world that was foreseen by Ford, the master of mass production. Ford is the God, the master of a technologically perfected world of commodities and consumers, the one who looks down at his consumers, who blindly follow their consumer instincts and beliefs. Identity of the consumers comes with their religion in Ford and massive consumption and comforting with their sins. The followers have no freedom to feel, think over or react to all the immoralities. Unlike utopia, dystopia in BNW is threatening to everything that is normal. In such a stable community, people have to give up on the things they have always known and felt normal. The unsettling feeling about universal happiness appears when people think about giving up on normal values like home, family, freedom and other traditional value. It is not a real happiness. Happiness comes from vices: orgies (Bernard says that Orgy-porgyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is just a Solidarity Service hymn (Huxley, 2002:122), promiscuity (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but every one belongs to every one else (Huxley, 2002:18), drugs that makes us love everyone more deeply and if anything should go wrong, theres soma (Huxley, 2002:155). The curse of unquestioned stability is an element that suppresses the element of freedom. It suppresses the emotions about being special or different. People should fear emotions, because they are the sign of weakness and an inappropriate reaction. Life is not valued, as every life can be repl aced by thousands of other lives. Unnaturally, people should take death with ease. Dying is nice as they are taught so. They learn to take dying as a matter of natural course à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.like any other physiological process (Huxley, 2002:109). Even when they die, their body is burnt and the ash is used for pragmatic needs. As for art, it is considered as an expression of feelings or attitudes that must be controlled. One should not express them, as they threaten stability of a totalitarian society. Those should not influence other people, and this resembles Middle Ages state of art, not a futuristic era. Science is a threat to stability, as it brings changes and inventions. Mond lectures the Savage in that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦every discovery in pure science is potentially subversive; even science must sometimes be treated as a possible enemy. Yes, even science. (Huxley, 2002:154). This really sounds dystopian, because the futuristic times anticipate novelties. Science shapes history with its inventions. Summary The paroles of community, identity and stability are axis of the new society Huxley presented through the mirror of utopia and dystopia. Those are two sides of the same coin: the question of how the world will look like with all the technology advancements, enlarged mass production and an increasing hedonistic consumers society. It tackles with peoples perception of the well engineered future and their attitude about how they want the world to be. In modern terms, in touches the notion of influence of social and commercial propaganda merged with the power of large-scale technology and industry creators of the present world order.

Critique of Humes Analysis of Causality Essay example -- Philosophy P

Critique of Hume's Analysis of Causality Hume's analyses of human apprehension and of causality were the most penetrating up to his time and continue to have great influence. Contemporary Spanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri (1893-1983) has examined both and identified three underlying errors: (1) the failure to recognize that there are three stages of human intellection, and especially that the first, primordial apprehension, has quite unique characteristics; (2) the attempt to place an excessive burden on the content of impressions while ignoring what Zubiri terms their 'formality of reality'; and (3) the failure to recognize that functionality, not causality, is the basis for most of our knowledge. Causal chains in general cannot be adequately known, and therefore are not and cannot be the basis of our knowledge of the external world. Only in the area of persons and morality does causality play a critical role. I. Introduction Causality has been a pivotal concept in the history of philosophy since the time of the Ancient Greeks. After David Hume, however, many have questioned whether there is (or can be) any metaphysical meaning of causality, or valid inferences based upon it. Xavier Zubiri (1898-1983) has rethought and reformulated the question of causality in light of its historical roles, well-known criticisms, and relevant contemporary knowledge. In doing so, he has achieved a unique perspective on the subject which should be of great interest to those concerned with causality and any of its applications. II. Hume's critique of causality The figure of David Hume looms large in the philosophical tradition of English-speaking countries; and his two famous analyses, of human apprehension and of causality, were the... ..., (First volume of trilogy, Inteligencia sentiente), Madrid: Alianza Editorial/Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones, 1980, p. 82-83. (Hereafter, IRE; unless otherwise indicated, all translations of Zubiri are by the author). (6) IRE, p. 257. (7) IRE, p. 104. (8) Xavier Zubiri, Inteligencia y razà ³n, (Third volume of trilogy, Inteligencia sentiente), Madrid: Alianza Editorial/Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones, 1983, p. 45. (Hereafter, IRA). (9) Xavier Zubiri, Inteligencia y logos, (Second volume of trilogy, Inteligencia sentiente), Madrid: Alianza Editorial/Fundacià ³n Xavier Zubiri, 1982, p. 39-40. (Hereafter, IL). (10) Treatise of Human Nature, p. 74. (11) IL, p. 40. (12) IL, p. 41. (13) IL, p. 41. (14) Xavier Zubiri, Los Problemas Fundamentales de la Metafà ­sica Occidental, Madrid: Alianza Editorial/Fundacià ³n Xavier Zubiri, 1994, p. 229.

Responses to Human Crises Revealed in The Rite by Hiroko Takenishi Essa

Responses to Human Crises Revealed in The Rite In the short story "The Rite," Hiroko Takenishi tells of some of the horrors that took place during and after the bombing of Hiroshima. This story was a creative response to the actual devastation Hiroko witnessed. She may have chosen to write this story as fiction rather than an autobiography in order to distance herself from the pain. This work may have served as a form of therapy, by allowing her to express her feelings without becoming personal. She could accomplish this by attributing her own feelings and thoughts to Aki, the narrator of this story. The crises to which this work responds was the total annihilation of Hiroshima and the aftershock experienced by those left behind. Those who witnessed this devastation were left to make sense of it, and then attempt to carry on with their lives. Aki had temporarily managed to go on with her life until she went to visit her friend Tomiko. At her friends house she saw "two small jars"that contained "fetuses that had been miscarried"( Takenishi 1895), most likely an after affect of being exposed to the bomb. The sight of these fetuses must have stirred some deeply buried feelings, because shortly afterwards, Aki started to have very disturbing flashbacks and dreams of the devastating event that took place during her childhood. Through these dreams and flashbacks it becomes apparent that Aki is unable to acquire any closure regarding this horrible event. This feeling of deficiency could be, in part, attributed to her feeling that there was a shameful lack of consideration shown for the "rites" owed to those who died. In her eyes they were never properly laid to rest; Therefore they" will not rest in peace" (Takenishi 18... ...in it brought with it ( Takenishi 1907). She felt these memories held a lot of value, and it was important to hold onto them. As she said " someone who can just casually wipe out the memory of his own history will not be fit ... to play the role of the great hero" (Takenishi 1907). I believe she wants to preserve these memories out of respect for those who died, and possibly, as a contribution to their rite. Hiroko Takenishi used the framework of a fictional story to tell of a real life tragedy. As mentioned before, this may have been done to create distance from the writer and her painful memories. This story was a creative and interesting way of allowing others to experience the devastation felt by those who lived through this crises. At the same time it makes clear the suffering and injustice that was inflicted on innocent lives, and the senseless evils of war. Responses to Human Crises Revealed in The Rite by Hiroko Takenishi Essa Responses to Human Crises Revealed in The Rite In the short story "The Rite," Hiroko Takenishi tells of some of the horrors that took place during and after the bombing of Hiroshima. This story was a creative response to the actual devastation Hiroko witnessed. She may have chosen to write this story as fiction rather than an autobiography in order to distance herself from the pain. This work may have served as a form of therapy, by allowing her to express her feelings without becoming personal. She could accomplish this by attributing her own feelings and thoughts to Aki, the narrator of this story. The crises to which this work responds was the total annihilation of Hiroshima and the aftershock experienced by those left behind. Those who witnessed this devastation were left to make sense of it, and then attempt to carry on with their lives. Aki had temporarily managed to go on with her life until she went to visit her friend Tomiko. At her friends house she saw "two small jars"that contained "fetuses that had been miscarried"( Takenishi 1895), most likely an after affect of being exposed to the bomb. The sight of these fetuses must have stirred some deeply buried feelings, because shortly afterwards, Aki started to have very disturbing flashbacks and dreams of the devastating event that took place during her childhood. Through these dreams and flashbacks it becomes apparent that Aki is unable to acquire any closure regarding this horrible event. This feeling of deficiency could be, in part, attributed to her feeling that there was a shameful lack of consideration shown for the "rites" owed to those who died. In her eyes they were never properly laid to rest; Therefore they" will not rest in peace" (Takenishi 18... ...in it brought with it ( Takenishi 1907). She felt these memories held a lot of value, and it was important to hold onto them. As she said " someone who can just casually wipe out the memory of his own history will not be fit ... to play the role of the great hero" (Takenishi 1907). I believe she wants to preserve these memories out of respect for those who died, and possibly, as a contribution to their rite. Hiroko Takenishi used the framework of a fictional story to tell of a real life tragedy. As mentioned before, this may have been done to create distance from the writer and her painful memories. This story was a creative and interesting way of allowing others to experience the devastation felt by those who lived through this crises. At the same time it makes clear the suffering and injustice that was inflicted on innocent lives, and the senseless evils of war.