Principles Of Personal Development Essay

1.1 Explain what reflective practice is It means focusing on how we interact with others. Thinking about how we could have done things differently, in a better way. This allows us to improve the action we take. 1.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided see more:explain how standards inform reflective practice in adult social care It helps us to recognise what we do well so we can use these skills in other situations. It also helps to learn from our mistakes and to plan for future situation where we can respond better to changes. 1.3 Explain how standards inform reflective practice in adult social care By being fully aware of the standards we know exactly what to do in certain situations which also gives an opportunity to be always updated. Following the standards ensures to carry out work in the most professional way. 1.4 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice My own values and belief may have a great impact on my work. It is always good to be open minded and most importantly respect other peoples opinion. Just because we have our own values, does not mean it is the right one. Always listen to the service user. If you think differently, you can always explain it in a polite way. 2.1 Explain how people may react and respond to receiving constructive feedback It can be upsetting when areas which need improvement are identified. If you get the feedback in a positive manner then you are more likely to accept it  and work harder to improve them. 2.2 Explain the importance of seeking feedback to improve practice and inform development Seeking feedback gives you an idea on what to improve. If you accept it then you can be motivated and more focused on it. It helps you to identify your strengths and weaknesses which could be really difficult. It encourages you to perform better. 2.3 Explain the importance of using feedback in improving own practice It helps you to identify the training needs you might require and to correct mistakes. After you have done everything to improve on the areas where improvement was required, you will feel confident in your work environment. 3.1 Describe the components of a personal development plan Personal development plan is a tool to set a plan which helps creating self awareness and it will lead to achieve your goals. Components: Objectives – what do I want to be able to do better? Actions – what methods will I use to achieve the objectives? Success criteria – how will I measure my improvement? Achievement date – when do I expect to achieve my objectives? Implementation – how will I practise and apply what I have learned? 3.2 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development We have got an appraisal/supervision system at our workplace but other sources can be: Team meetings and discussions Working alongside with colleagues and other professionals Trainings Asking question from colleagues and other professionals 3.3 Explain the role of others in the development of a personal development plan in identifying:a) Strengths b) Areas for development The supervisors role is to support and advise you in your work and to make sure that you know and understand your rights and responsibilities. A personal development plan identifies your training and development needs. Because the plan is updated when you have taken part in training and development, it also provides a record of participation. There is no single right way to prepare a personal development plan. There are plenty of different models and styles. What matters is what is in the plan It should include: different development areas the goals or targets you have set a timescale for achieving these goals or targets 3.4 Explain the benefits of using a personal development plan to identify ongoing improvements in knowledge and understanding The personal development plan gives you an overview of what you have accomplished but also allows you to identify areas that still need improvement. Because things are always changing with Health and Social Care your training and development needs have to be continuous so your skills and abilities are always up to date.

The Significance of Architectural Ideas

What is the significance of architectural ideas? The question begs the question of which architectural ideas should be considered in the first place. While it may be true that there have been a huge number of architectural ideas since the beginning of human civilization, it is important to limit the question at hand. At the least, what can be done is to appropriately categorize architectural ideas according to their chronology. In doing so, we are confining ourselves to a more specific and easier task. There is little reason to doubt that earlier architectural ideas have influenced the more contemporary ones. Theories on how buildings are to be designed have long existed, perhaps as early as the time when human beings began to first conceptualize their dwellings and their places for worship and other social activities. For the most part, early civilizations had to consider their needs and means. They had to reflect on building structures for the sake of providing shelter, security and a place of worship. They also had to consider their level of architectural skills and the materials available during the time. These basic considerations for early architectural ideas are significant for the people back then since their needs and means limit what they can design and actually build which, as a consequence, delineate the characteristics of their architectural designs. In his De Architectura, Vitruvius provides one of the few surviving earliest examples of architectural designs. He suggests that good buildings should have three basic characteristics—durability, utility, and beauty (Pellecchia, p. 378). Apparently, these three precepts have remained integral to modern architectural ideas. Thus, it is only fitting to say that these ideas are significant inasmuch as they have set in motion a well-established standard in envisioning the designs of buildings regardless of certain sizes and scopes. More importantly, these foundations for architectural ideas give rise to more complex yet more specific approaches in designing buildings according to the balance between these basic precepts. For instance, an architect may give more preference to utility over beauty without having to abandon the latter completely. Another architect may focus more on the aesthetics of the building without neglecting the durability of the structure. There are other influential architects in earlier times—such as Leon Battista Alberti and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, among others—but it is sufficient to say that their contributions in terms of architectural ideas can never be denied. However, that is not to say that new architectural ideas have not materialized in more recent years, or that architects are simply confined to the ideas of the earlier generations. For example, the American architect Louis Sullivan who is considered to be the â€Å"father of modernism† once suggested that form follows function (â€Å"Louis Sullivan and the Architecture of Free Enterprise,† p. 42). It has been an overriding force in 20th century architectural designs, influencing architects to take more consideration of the practical use of buildings rather than their aesthetics. The general direction of architecture at that time became more focused on the intended function of buildings, thereby relegating its aesthetic aspects to a lesser degree of importance. Buildings were designed according to how they will serve their purpose, or how they will address the primary intention behind their construction. A museum in New York, for instance, will have to be designed based on how a museum ought to function and not on how the structure will stand visually appealing to its visitors. The â€Å"form follows function† approach stands in direct contrast to the idea prevalent during the 19th century that architectural design should bestow more significance to aesthetics. John Ruskin, for instance, proclaims that a building is not strictly a product of architectural ideas if it is not adorned in certain respects (Bliss, p. 37). Thus, an office building will not only have to serve its purpose. Rather, it will also have to be appealing to the senses of its occupants. The shape of the building will not only have to be sufficient enough in order to accommodate the target number of occupants. It will also have to be ornamented with figures on its topmost floor, or its windows will also have to be visually appealing when viewed from a certain distance. This formidable clash between architectural ideas only signifies the fact that each idea belonging to a certain generation is presumably significant first within that generation and second to the generations which later used that idea as a platform for other architectural ideas. This observation is clearly manifested in the way 19th and 20th century architectural ideas stand in opposite ends. They contradict each other in terms of approach but subsequent generations of architects may have found their own ways to strike a balance between the two. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the primary concern for each of these generations is on the nature per se of the architectural design. In more recent times, the idea that architectural designs should follow the concept of â€Å"sustainability† reflects the notion that these designs should also take into consideration the prevailing social and environmental conditions (Watson, p. 121). Much of what can be called â€Å"sustainable buildings† is designed in such a way that they minimize environmental hazards or that they promote an ecologically friendly environment. This type of architectural idea is significant today since it directly addresses major environmental concerns including the use of natural resources. For example, the use of wind turbines and solar panels in providing electricity to modern buildings can help lessen the demand for electricity derived from coal-powered electric plants. Also, designing buildings with larger glass windows allows for sunlight to penetrate and provide the light, thereby reducing the need for light bulbs during the day. In essence, the approach places great premium on the environmental effects of architectural designs, from lighting fixtures to the materials used in the ornamentation of the structure. With the continuous depletion of the planet’s natural resources and the unending threats to the environment, sustainable architectural designs significantly help in reducing the environmental dangers. If the proper allocation of â€Å"earth-friendly† materials for the aesthetic construction of a building reaches a global scale, there is reason to believe that the present environmental problems will be addressed in the long run with far-reaching benefits. As it can be observed, architectural ideas belonging to certain generations reflect the respective social conditions and aesthetic interpretations in those times. Looking back, the early architectural ideas still have their influence on contemporary designs. Architects still have to consider the durability, utility, and the beauty of the designs of their buildings, without which buildings will be devoid of use, will disintegrate faster and put thousands of lives in grave peril, and will look as though they are sore to the eyes so much so that they fail to inspire those who dwell in them. Architects will also have to reflect on whether or not they have to put form over function, or the other way around, especially with regard to the very intention of why the structure needs to be constructed. Ideas in the field of architecture can truly survive great lengths of time precisely because they remain significant not only for those who lived those ideas during their time but also for those architects today who seek inspiration. One architectural idea may give rise to another. Or an architectural idea being criticized for its preference for function over form may result to yet another idea harmonizing function and form into a single design. At any rate, it can be said that the significance of architectural designs rests on their application. If they hardly apply to any immediate need, they may lose their influence and eventually become mere footnotes in the annals of the history of architecture.

They Are Made Out of Meat

They’re Made Out of Meat is a short story by Terry Bisson. It consists entirely of dialogue between two characters. The beginning of this dialogue seems to be rather strange and incomprehensible; the characters are speaking about meat and it is difficult to understand what this â€Å"meat† means in this particular context. But gradually the reader begins to tune in, and soon he finds out that they use the word â€Å"meat† to imply human beings. And these two creatures themselves are aliens, sentient beings that are capable of travelling faster than light and their mission is to meet with human beings, to welcome them and to set contacts with them. The fact that they use such words as Orfolei, Weddilei, C space, G445 zone proves that they come from a different planet (from outer space). The speech of the creatures is rather informal. There are a lot of contracted forms, colloquial words and elliptical sentences in their conversation (â€Å"They’re made out of meat. †; â€Å"That’s impossible. †; â€Å"†¦they’re like†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; †¦crackpots†¦, â€Å"A dream to meat! †). This fact proves that they know each other well and besides they are absorbed in the topic of their conversation and do not pay much attention to their speech. Judging by the dialogue, it is obvious that one of the creatures is better aware of the way people are organized (â€Å"I’m not asking you, I’m telling you. These creatures are the only sentient race in the sector and they’re made out of meat. †). And he tries to explain it to the other one who is skeptical and incredulous (â€Å"That’s impossible. †; â€Å"That’s ridiculous. †; Thinking meat! You’re asking me to believe in thinking meat! †). The situation is really incredible and at first the second creature does not believe in the story, but a bit later accept this theory as true (â€Å"Omigod. You’re serious then. They’re made out of meat. † â€Å"Finally, Yes. †). The story represents a critical glance from outside at humans’ behaviour. The aliens consider human beings to be curious and predictable (â€Å"†¦they’ve been trying to get in touch with us for almost a hundred of their years. †; â€Å"First it wants to talk to us. Then†¦to explore the universe, contact other sentients, swap ideas and information. The usual. â€Å"). Besides people are viewed as inferior creatures (â€Å"†¦but what do you think is on the radio? Meat sounds. You know how when you slap or flap meat it makes a noise? They talk by flapping their meat at each other. â€Å"; â€Å"It seems harsh, but there is a limit. Do we really want to make contact with meat? â€Å"). So, taking into accounts all these points, the aliens decide not to fulfill their initial mission. They come to a conclusion that it is better to ignore â€Å"meat†, erase all the records and mark this sector unoccupied. The thing is that they are sure that they know a lot about humans, but in fact they do not know anything. They consider themselves to be much more superior, they feel themselves to be the centre of gravity. But actually, they are biased and hostile towards human beings just because humans are different. The whole story rolls around the concept of meat. First of all the repetition of this word sets the rhythm. Besides the meat is personified and it makes the story funny and humorous. (â€Å"†¦thinking meat, conscious meat, loving meat, dreaming meat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The fact that these creatures are talking like humans also provides humorous effect. (â€Å"Omigod.  Singing meat. This is altogether too much! †). At first it may even seem that they are scientists or researchers, who are discussing a recent experiment or discovery in the sphere of astronomy. The topic of the story is the relation between different creatures, nationalities and civilizations. The author is mocking these two characters because of their hostile and stereotypical attitude towards other creatures and civilizations; and wants to show that it is important to be patient, clarify controversial things and not to be too presumptuous.

The Mobil-Marathon case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Mobil-Marathon case - Essay Example The Directors of Marathon Oil Company filed an antitrust suit against Mobil at United States District Court in the Northern Ohio District. In the case, the director of Marathon argued that Mobil violated section seven of Clayton Act. The Act rejects the ideas of holding companies since they encourage the development of monopolies. The directors of Marathon wanted the court to restrain Mobil by preventing the company from purchasing shares of the company and permit the company to keep looking for other companies with which to form an appropriate merger. The district court ruled in the favor of Marathon Oil Company, which then proceeded to look for other companies. The directors of Marathon settled for United States Steel Inc., which was just newly formed. Just as the two were about to form a merger, Mobil Corporation filed a suit at the District Court in Southern District of Ohio arguing that Marathon had violated the Williams Act by withholding substantial information in its communication with its shareholders about merger and while filing with the country’s Stock Exchange Commission. Mobil Corp argued that the directors of Marathon had not disclosed adequate material facts of USS, Inc.’s tender offer. Mobil therefore requested an injunction on the merger. The district court denied the injunction. Mobil Corp appealed the ruling to the Sixth Circuit Court. The Circuit Court determined that Mobil indeed had the standing to bring a case against Marathon Oil Company since it was a tender offeror. As such, the Court began investigating the operations of Marathon as tabled by Mobil Corp. the court found that in its defensive tactics, Marathon Oil Company had violated a number of provisions of the William’s act (Kwoka and Lawrence 21). The two interrelated cases above involved a number of legal issues in the United States key among which was the interpretation and application of both the Williams Act and the Clayton’s Antitrust Act.

Family Law - case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family Law - case study - Essay Example In this case, there is no adultery. Dorothy can get divorce by consent if George agrees to it. It is the easiest way as there are a few problems in this divorce. George is not of incurably unsound mind. The 1937 Act allowed divorce for misfortune and 1964 decision of the House of Lords allowed cruelty as a ground for divorce. George cannot be divorced under cruelty, adultery and physical and mental violence, and hence, mutual consent would be the best way for the divorce. According to Divorce Reform Act 1969, provided that "the sole ground on which a petition for divorce may be presented to the court..shall be that the marriage has broken down irretrievably" (11-008, p.275). Desertion for a continuous period of at least two years cannot be a ground here. Nor George 'has behaved in such a way that the petitioner could not reasonably be expected to live with the respondent.' Parties have not lived apart for two years. According to the Act, court has to grant a divorce decree "unless it is satisfied on all the evidence that the marriage has not broken down irretrievably." If Dorothy insists that marriage has broken down, it is impossible for George to prove otherwise. There are no children under the age of 16 in this case. Marital breakdown becomes the main issue, as Dorothy believes that her marriage cannot be saved. If she makes a statement under section 5(1)(a) on the marital breakdown, she has to state that: 1. The party is aware of the reflection and consideration period under section 7; 2. Wishes to make arrangements for the future. If both make the statements, each of them have to state the above. Dorothy has to prove that George spends all his time and money on his hobby, neglecting her and home. She has to prove negligence on his part and also that she is shouldering all the responsibility on her own. Another point in Dorothy's favour is that she should be able to prove that George's financial contribution to the family home had been inadequate for years. Meeting with the marriage Counsellor becomes an important prerequisite of divorce. According to Family Law Act, 1996, there is no point in allowing the 'empty legal shell' of the marriage to continue, when the actual marriage has already broken down completely. With the divorce, Dorothy will also be entitled to the share of the property, if any. She is also entitled for retirement benefit sharing, pension sharing and Cretney et al (2002), Principles of Family Law, (Family Law Act, 1996, 11-043 to 11-057, pp. 297 - 309). Ancillary relief can be made to either of the party, as in the eyes of law both are equal. In spite of that, Ancillary orders mostly are made in favour of the wives, mainly because their need and closeness to children is thought to be more important. No doubt, every case is weighed according to

Innovations in robotic surgery and its limitations Assignment

Innovations in robotic surgery and its limitations - Assignment Example Robotic instruments are also able to, very easily, reach parts of the body that are normally hard to access through lesser surgical incisions as compared to laparoscopic or traditional open surgery. Robotic surgery also ensures faster recovery, shorter hospital stays, and smaller scars. This paper presents several issues associated with robotic surgery such as limitations and real-life examples. Robots consist of metal or another hard substance than contains a number of gears that are controlled by system software. Robotics is used in many fields such as industry, health, and entertainment. Surgical robotics started in early 1990s but it was all just experimenting nothing definitive about using robots in surgery. Not since the Da Vinci surgical system which was approved by the FDA (US food and drug administration) in 2000 opening the way to a promising future for robotic surgery Hottenrott stated in (2012) that â€Å"The age of robotic surgery has dawned and there still a lot of improvement to be made in the near future†(p.580). Every robot is designed for a certain operation or field in surgery depending on its function and capability. Furthermore the purpose of this report is to show the advances and innovations that the surgical robots reached in the past five years (Camarillo, Krummel & Salisbury, 2004). This subject is connected to mechatronic engineering becaus e mechatronic is the study of the relationship between hardware and software which complies with robotics. Robotics in surgery became prominent at the turn of the new millennium, which was also marked by other significant inventions and discoveries. In the purpose of making improvements in surgeries that a surgeon may have a difficulty while performing a complex procedure and face challenges that only a robot can help the surgeon to do it with more precision, accuracy, less time and effort (Hottenrott, 2012). There are some promising surgical robot

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Law - Essay Example The definition definitely helps the Member States to understand what measures would be construed as subsidy with predictability and certainty of the rules and thus helps to limit the trade distortive subsidies. There are also some controls or disciplines on countervailing initiatives, which intended to make sure that these do not undesirably obstruct trade and that these offer aids for products, which are badly impacted by subsidies. (Chen 2010:33). Requirement as regards to Specificity A subsidy shall be precise to an industry or an enterprise or group of industries or enterprises so as to be covered under the SCM Agreement. The fundamental notion is that a subsidy that deforms the provision of resources within an economy should be subject to discipline. Whenever a subsidy is broadly seen within an economy, such a distortion in the allocation of resources is assumed not to happen. Hence, only some â€Å"particular† subsidies are falls under the ambit of SCM Agreement. A subsi dy is regarded â€Å"specific† if access to it is overtly restricted to some enterprises only. In US-Softwood Lumber IV case, it is held that it is not a necessary benefit derived is to be a direct and in some cases, benefit might have been passed through to other recipients also. In the above case, â€Å"the wood product industries â€Å"were regarded by the AB to constitute the restricted group of industries as recipient.(WTO 2010:1460).In EC- DRAMs Chips case, the subsidy was found to be used only just 6 out of 200 entitled companies was regarded as the basis for establishing the specificity. (McGovern 2008:32-15). Restricted Subsidies or Red-light Subsidies These subsidies are intended to impact the trade directly and hence, most likely to have bad impacts on the interest of the other Members. Article 3 (1) (a) of the SCM Agreement puts a bar on subsidies, which are accorded with a stipulation that it should meet certain parameters like usage of domestic products, in fa vor of imported products which are also known as domestic content subsidies. As per Article 4 of the SCM Agreement, these subsidies fall under an accelerated dispute settlement provision and the Member who found to grant such a subsidy would be asked to withdraw the same immediately. (Rothgeb & Chinapandhu 2007:39). â€Å"Actionable Subsidies or Amber Light Subsidies† Article 5 to 7 of the SCM Agreement controls actionable grants or aids. An action can be initiated against a Nation, if it has granted subsidies, which would have bad impacts on the interest other Member nations. When any of the following three conditions is met, then adverse impacts are said to be existing. If it causes any harm to the home industry of another Member Nation Under GATT 1994, if any impairment or nullification has happened or If under Article 5 of SCM Agreement, if grave unfairness to the interests of another Member Nation is found to be existing. When financial grant or aid is said to be exceedi ng five percent of the ad valorem of a product; or when operating losses suffered by an enterprise or an industry is being covered by the enterprise or industry or when subsidies are being offered directly to forgive debts. â€Å"

Childhood and Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Childhood and Depression - Research Paper Example Researchers propose that although major depression affects anywhere from three to five percent of children and adolescents, up to 15 percent of children and adolescents at any given time manifest at least some symptoms of depression (Bhatia and Bhatia 73). Despite the prevalence of depression in younger populations, there are a number of treatment avenues that parents and guardians can follow in order to alleviate an individual’s suffering in those areas of life most affected by depression. In order to prevent future generations from being severely and negative impacted by depression starting in the childhood or adolescent years, professionals and parents should be better educated to recognize the risk factors and the symptoms. Childhood depression, particularly in children younger than seven years, is particularly difficult because of children’s inability to give details about their internal mood states. However, symptoms like chronic irritableness, impaired attention, and poor concentration are common possible indicators of a depressed child. When diagnosing depression in children, doctors must rule out physical causes of such symptoms, such as chronic disease and vitamin deficiency. If the depression is the result of these physical causes, the depression is considered secondary to its medical prerequisite. Major depressive disorder is a primary diagnosis that relies on symptoms similar to those seen in adult depression. If the depression is not a major disorder, it could either be classified as adjustment disorder, which starts within three months of an identifiable stressor (such as the loss of a parent), or as dysthymic disorder, which is a milder form of depression characterized by irritable or depressed moods and must occur for no less than a year (Bhatia and Bhatia 75). The risk factors for depression are not equivalent to causes, since none of them alone leads directly and invariably to childhood depression. Some common risk factors for c hildhood and adolescent depression include psychosocial and biomedical factors; that is, nearly two thirds of children and adolescents who have major depressive disorder are comorbid with another severe or moderate mental disorder (Angold, Costello and Erkanli 76). That means that even if a child or adolescent has been diagnosed for one mental disorder, there should still be a concern that the patient has a related but separate mental disposition toward major or moderate depression. For physicians, they must be able to recognize and treat the associated physical sources of depression; the most common among them are dysthymic disorder, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For parents, they must be able to identify and seek treatment for their child’s symptoms as soon as they recognize them. In terms of treatments, medication is a common avenue for physicians to take in order to alleviate their patients’ suffering because of depression symptom s. Tricyclic anti-depressants are largely ineffective in children and adolescents according to meta-analyses and SSRIs likewise have underwhelming effects on reduction of symptoms in children (Bhatia and Bhatia 78). Concerns about effectiveness and safety keep some parents from putting their children on these medications (Merrell 209). Currently, only fluoxetine is approved by the FDA to treat childhood depression, so it is acceptable in cases of major depressive

Organization Design 4370 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Design 4370 - Assignment Example These two aspects have provided a competitive advantage to chipotle over its rivals who find it hard to copy it. Chipotle has a centralized organizational structure. Decision making is done at the top management level with very less delegation of power and authority to regional directors and managers. This has made communication between departments very difficult as there are no integrating mechanisms between the departments. Due to the centralized structure rules and regulations are followed to the latter. There are no adjustments in the running of the business as decision making is done by the top management. Socialization is an important thing to chipotle as it needs to identify with the residents of the business area. This will help the company to understand the market better as well as the customer needs. Chipotle has a mechanistic structure. This is because Chipotle decision making is left to the top management and communication is vertical. The reporting relationship is well defined and every employee specializes in one task. There is lack of cohesion between the corporate and the operations departments. The current structure of Chipotle creates a gap between the operations employees and the corporate employees. Creating integrating roles between departments and bringing together cross functional teams to work on development specific problems within the company will help in resolving the flaw in the communication. The current corporate structure is very lean with little overlap in functional areas causing disruption in the event of staffing changes. This can be resolved by cross training of individuals across different units. The company should implement an internal entrepreneurship program to encourage corporate employees to demonstrate the type of people-development that the Restaurateurs are known

Kant, Mill, and Nietzsche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kant, Mill, and Nietzsche - Essay Example However, Kant and Mill also differ in a sense that Kant states that a person’s moral is innate as in a priori reasoning and Mill suggests, however selfishly, that morals are essential to a person’s happiness as people abide to morals for them to be happy. Now, for Nietzsche being good – at least morally good, is a social construct as the upper class and the people who are in control are defining the word with their preferences and activities. It can change as to who controls the social power. With this notion, evil, or bad, is also arbitrary, as the social class also determines which are bad and those things are generally the ones that do not work for them. For example, if you are an upper class gentleman and your slaves are working well for you, would you consider slavery immoral? No, because it is good for you. You might even think that slavery is important. But if you are a slave, slavery for you is evil because you suffer. However, who holds the social power? For the longest time, it was the upper class, which is why slavery did not become illegal for a long time. Then when the revolution happened, many people were affected by it. And those â€Å"many people† helped slavery become a â€Å"bad† thing. ... Now these imperatives in turn, determine everyone’s duty. Because of this, morals are not arbitrary because it is universal and it is true to everyone. For Mill on the other hand, has a similar belief to Kant – everyone has innate morals; morals are not arbitrary. But unlike Kant, Mill states that these morals are used to maximize happiness and reduce suffering. Utilitarian in most ways, he basically says that the right things bring happiness and wrong things bring suffering. In his words, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†. Therefore, if an action is morally right if it makes the doer really happy. Therefore, happiness is not a social construct but an innate faculty in humans, and because it is innate, it cannot be arbitrary. Now, given the scenario above, what would each of the philosophers do given the situation? For Nietzsche, the nurse would just be in a wrong place at a wrong time. If the society urges euthanasia, then she would not have been stigmatized by having outrages towards her action. She will not be treated as a criminal. She’s having these negative connotations mainly because in her society, the people in power have deemed that her action is â€Å"immoral†. If we are taking Kant’s point of view, where all morals are innate, then we can conclude that the nurse is indeed wrong, as there are more people who were outraged by her actions than the people who weren’t. For Kant, there are universal ethical standards that cannot be broken. Now these ethical standards are about killing. Obviously, killing is not very accepted as it has produced crime and outrage. If we are talking about Mill’s point of view, then we should ask the nurse if she was

Financial Crisis and Recovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Crisis and Recovery - Essay Example As a result of higher spending, the US had significantly expanded the economy to be much longer and stronger than before. However, it can be argued that the structural change in the US economy did not influence the recessionary periods to be shorter and milder (Tseng, â€Å"Follow Canada? Only at Your Own Risk†) For instance, the US economy had to witness eleven recessionary instances since the great depression. Consequently, the average GDP growth for the ten recessionary instances until 2001 was recorded as -0.7% which signifies that the economic recession in the US was not at all mild. However, the records depict that the longest recession was witnessed by the US in 1973 and 2007 which continued for two years. This signifies that even though the US economic recession was shorter, the frequency of such instances had increased substantially (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, â€Å"The Financial Crisis and Recovery: Why so Slow?†). According to Keynesian theory, when the spending of an economy increases, the earning of people also increases. The basis of the theory is that whenever an individual spends a portion of his/her earning, it is likely to support the earning of other individuals (Greiner, â€Å"Models of Economic Growth†). This cycle of earning and spending can enable an economy to sustain its expansion. In response to the reason for slow growth of economy according to Keynesian theory, it can be stated that after the recession of 2007, the banks and the financial institutions had faced significant problems which had interrupted the flow of credit. In order to deal with the economic recession, the financial regulations in different nations have become much tighter and stricter than before, resulting in low access to finance.  

Indigenous people of Australia and the Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Indigenous people of Australia and the Native Americans Essay Compare and contrast the impact colonial powers had on the indigenous people of Australia and the Native Americans. There are many disputes to whether it was for the better or worse that the English had arrived in Australia and taken over. But the case still stands why the aboriginals had to tolerate the abuse, massacres and imported disease along with the loss of rights just because they were not as civilized. The Aboriginals were the first people to live in this country for over 45,000 years. Before the English had arrived they had an approximately a population of about 750,000. There is no excuse to the way they were treated but sadly they were not the only ones who were miss treated. Other indigenous communities around the world such as the American Indians were facing similar problems. The Aboriginals were facing the same problems everyday with the English. They were constantly being physically and mentally abused. Looked up for no reason in particular, no food and shelter and just getting pushed around all day. Some disputes would have been because of language, land and rights. The English would have the upper hand because of weaponry and technology. When the English came they brought with them alcohol, which later had a detrimental effect on the Aboriginals as there was a lot of abuse within the communities. The Native Americans were enslaved and forced to work in mines. This resulted in women killing their new born babies, men jumping off cliffs or consuming poisons. The European colonization had had a massive affect on the Native American population. Conflicts arose regularly between the Native Americans and the Europeans. Many people were imprisoned and abused during this time. The Aboriginals population had decreased dramatically due to massacres. These massacres may not have been intentionally for a specific reason but much of the population had decreased from this. One of the well known massacres to occur in the indigenous time happened at the battle mountain. An estimate of 200 indigenous people died during that killing and there were many more. The Native Americans had encountered major population downfall from the 1500 through to the 1890s due to massacres. On May 26th 1637, in mystic river side, English colonists had set fire and burned 600-700 civilians alive. This was one of the largest killing sprees during this time. This was just on example of how brutal the English were to the natives. When the white settlement came to Australia not only did they kill the Aboriginals with abuse, massacres and miss treatment but as they came they brought along diseases as well. These diseases included small pox, chicken pox, influenza and the measles. The Aboriginals died from such diseases because they were not immune to them and their traditional medicines did not help relieve the symptoms. So even such things as colds and flues could have swept through the nation and killed half the tribe. The Native Americans were introduced to such diseases as small pox, typhus, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, mumps and yellow fever. The natives would use sweat baths as a medical treatment which could have weakened the body and made them more immune to the disease. Not only did the Europeans bring over the diseases but as they imported animals that also carried diseases as well. These diseases were the major cause of death during the Native American era. As the first fleet arrived, the Aboriginals were losing their land. The more they stayed the fewer rights they had and eventually decreased to a minimal number of full breeds. The Aboriginals were forced to speak English and as a result of this the languages or dialects had died out. There were pubs built on native ancestral land which only white people could enter. They were forced to dress as the English and act as the English. Their rights had become nothing to be even thought. The Europeans treated the Aboriginal race as animals. Their land was cleared of natural vegetation to make way for buildings, house and roads. They were not allowed to even use them after they were built. As the Europeans entered America they miss treated the natives improperly. Slaves were put into mines or on land and forced to work. As new people came into the land the old people were relocated and forced to change their way of life. This slowly reduced birthrates therefore slowly reducing the population. The European settlement was much alike as the English in Australia. They gave the natives minimal rights or nor rights at all. They massacred tribes and destroyed ancient ground. They brought in the natives and enslaved them, made them speak differently and act differently thus destroying the population and race. Diseases were brought in from over seas either by human or animal and just the way they treated the indigenous people was unacceptable. But unfortunately they were not the only two facing the same problems. There were many more with bigger problems and some were irreversible. What the colonists needed to do is perhaps make friends with the indigenous people and respect their rights, land and race but still build a better future.

Article Analysis: Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

Article Analysis: Computerised Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ADEOLU AMOS ADEYEMO D240 EMA X246808X QUESTION: (A) Summarise the research article ‘An exploration of the therapeutic process while using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy’ (D240, 2010 The Open University). (B) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the approach to research contained in the article. (C) Conclude by discussing which understanding of the counselling relationship you feel most drawn to and why. Word Count. 2000. PART A SUMMARY The purpose of this qualitative study on the use computerised cognitive behaviour therapy is to investigate the experience of clients when using computerised cognitive behavioural therapy and also to identify if it has the same effect as it would in face to face cognitive-behaviour therapy; given that high value have been placed on client-therapist relationships in success or failure of a therapy. The other purpose of the study is to explore the process by which clients are able to make use of unsupported computerised Cognitive-Behavioural therapy self-help therapy to aide their recovery (Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). In order to carry out this qualitative study, seven participants were recruited, six female and one male between ages 30 to 57 years on voluntary basis through newspaper advertisement; those recruited have had mild depression with some self-help experience in the past. Those recruited were screened with the use of questionnaire to make sure they were appropriate for the research. For the purpose of this research Blues Begone Computerised Cognitive Behavioural therapy program which was designed as self-help to fight the symptoms of fear and anxiety was used. Each participant was sent one in form of CD to be downloaded into their computers, each has thirty episodes. It offers assessment and personalised program of therapy as contained in CBT framework, with no interference from the researchers, though they were available for assistance ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). After completion of the programme, data were collected from the participant through semi-structured interview, the transcript of the interviews were analysed by the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method. Inter-rater reliability was used to reduce any bias that may impact interpretation of the data; the data was also checked by two autonomous raters but were familiar with conducting and analysing interview data ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). At the end of data analysis the research result shows four main areas of interest were discovered while carrying out the process of computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy activity. There was development of some reasonable relationship with self-help materials provided which was confirmed by five of the seven participants, the design of the program which cartoon provides warmth, humour and enthusiasm. It encourages them to form ‘relationship’ just as in real live therapeutic bond. However the computer was unable to provide immediate response to difficulty, and specificity as in human encounter therefore the users were unable to address their problems at a deeper psychological level. Also five participants expressed that they feel empowered because the program provided them information that altered their perspective on a specific issue, they were able to take information that are relevant they are to their situation and how that information can be used to address their situation without any assistance from a therapist. The third point raised was that the participants were stimulated with the way the program were presented in different colours, music, images and humorous cartoon, all these boost their engagement and helped some to think, this was seen as a form of interaction. The last finding was that the participants found how the structured of the Blues Begone helped them to break down their issues and handle them in a convenient way thereby regaining both sense of direction and individual control in the process ((Davd G. Purves Dutton, Janet, 2013). While the researcher was discussing the research it was suggested the environment created by therapist with warmth and empathy that enhance therapeutic change can be converted into self-help media to the extent that the user became engaged in the self-help process and motivated to undertake the work of change. Even with the participants not being able to experience the reaction and depth of face-to-face rapport, it did not reduce the worth of the cCBT intervention. And what the cCBT experience lacked in depth was made up for in participants involved with different features of the program to experience changes in thinking and develop new explanations to their problems. It was also suggested that while cCBT has the prospective of stimulating and facilitating individual process, as the responsibility of the work of therapy lies with the client. It also confirms the idea that in self-help effort the client is indeed the main cause of change. It also suggested that the implication for pra ctice was talking therapy services are to offer self-help or guided self-help intervention before receiving face-to-face therapy. PART B Discuss the strength and weakness of the approach to research (qualitative) contained in the article. Qualitative research can be defined as organised study that involves gathering and evaluating non-numerical data (D240, 2010 p.309). It is about the study of people in specific circumstances and usually in their own normal environment, Qualitative research usually aim to give support to the development of understanding, by arriving at a report and or interpretation of specific aspect of human experience. Qualitative research is different from quantitative research; quantitative research is mainly about gathering numerical (numbers) data usually through questionnaires, surveys to give explanation to a specific phenomenon and in most cases it involves larger group; hypothesis is usually given at the beginning of the research unlike qualitative research (D240, 2010). There are different means of collecting qualitative data, among which are interviews, open-ended questionnaires, diaries and recordings made during counselling therapy sessions (D240, 2010 p. 309). The style of qualitative research used dictates the method that will be used to construct meanings, for instance there are different guidelines that can be used to analyse interview data which includes empirical phenomenology, grounded theory and interpretative phenomenological analysis. However another school of thought believed that meaning is made up between people through their use of language; in view of this idea analysis of dialogue and everyday talk is taken as sources of meaning (D240, 2010 p. 309). In this type of qualitative research approach, there are different methods of analysing different aspects of language. Discourse analysis, conversation analysis and narrative analysis. The discourse analysis for example focuses on how an individual position herself or himself within wi de-ranging culturally based ways of talking while conversation analysis is on the way meaning is created in the moment by moment interaction between talkers. Narrative on the hand emphasises the stories someone tell about his or her lives as vital elements of meaning (D240, 2010 p. 310). However whatever way of conducting qualitative is chosen there are sets of standard procedures to follow. It starts with researcher identifying question or issue to explore; this is followed with the creation of text which can be in for of diary, interview transcript or a recording session of a therapy to represent the phenomenon. The researcher will now have to deeply involve himself or herself for its meaning to come out, after which the act of interpretation will be transferred to appropriate audiences in a report format (D240, 2010 p.310). One of the strengths of qualitative research approach is in its ability to provide a thoughtful and description of people’s understandings of a phenomenon which cannot be understood in terms of numbers; example can be taken from the article, most of the participants felt empowered during the course of cCBT program, this type of feeling cannot be quantified in numbers. Also qualitative research approaches permits some amount of flexibility in the conduct of a certain study which indicates that the researcher do not have to use a definite type of data collection method towards the investigation but can be flexible in using a variety of methods to collect data.; it helps the investigation of complex or difficult topics if a bond of trust develops between the investigator and the participants; and aided investigators to make connections between diverse facets of people’s life, like domestic issues, work and leisure. Another good thing about qualitative research approach is that as a researcher you have the capability to interact with participants in the language they understand and most importantly on their positions. After identifying the process involved in conducting qualitative research and how good it can be to unearth the hidden fact that quantitative research cannot give answer to, some weaknesses have also been noticed. One of these weaknesses is in the focused group which are always small which means the results are most likely to be valid for that specific focused group. In that wise generalisation cannot be made as will do with quantitative research results. Another point is because qualitative researches pay more attentions on depth, it may mean that collection and the analysis of data materials can take a long time, and if that is case the economic and human resources costs may be high. Also there could be doubt in accuracy of the interpretation of the investigator; the investigator/researcher as a human-being just like participants may have their own biases to consider when carrying out the research process. And again because qualitative research involves small group of participants, other academic researchers might not take the outcome of the research seriously. PART C COUNSELLING RELATIONSHIP I FEEL DRAWN TO AND WHY. The relationship that develops between a client and therapist has been described as a very vital aspect of counselling process; therefore sustaining a good therapeutic relationship is essential. A good therapeutic relationship between the counsellor and client across all therapeutic approach to counselling has been suggested to be one of the best factors that lead to successful therapeutic results (D240, 2010 p.259). The counselling relationship I feel drawn to is from therapeutic alliance perspective, it involves all essentials of the relationship needed with the bonding between therapist and client (D240, 2010 p. 261). I believed that collaboration between the client and the therapist, with full focus on the clients and their essentials needs and set goals will help the clients to improve their coping strategies and be able to help themselves, while enabling positive therapeutic environment to help in exploring their past and presen t issues without passing judgement. Among the factors identified as necessary for development of therapeutic alliance is empathy; it is defined as the capability of the counsellor to have thoughtful of the world of the client and be sensitive to their experience in a moment-by-moment manner (D240, 2010 p. 262). It was suggested that there is prove that empathy is effective in bringing about positive therapeutic change more than individual technique (Bohart, Elliott, Greenberg and Watson, 2002 cited in D240, 2010 p. 262). It is about going into client’s world and sees things from their own perspective. Partnership between the client and therapist in some counselling approach start with shared goals and expectations that are deliberated and agreed upon for the therapeutic work they are working towards, recognition of tasks to be performed by each person can hold the relationship together. I believed that therapeutic alliance should start from the time initial contacts were made with the client by showing attributes of respect, candidness, understanding and it is stated in the client-therapist contract. The contract usually sets out boundaries, roles, responsibilities and expectations on both sides. Other characteristics of therapeutic alliance are active listening to clients and make them know that they are being heard and understood, therapist to be aware of verbal and non-verbal communication. I do believe in given objective feedback either positive or negative; both are believed to be important in improving outcomes (D240, 2010 p. 264). Although at the same time I will be mindful of any negative feedback I give so that it will not create more problems for the client having realised that people process information in a different way. Also on my role, I prefer to work together with client on equal levels that is adult-adult/friend-friend type of relationship to deal with presenting issues (D240, 2010 p. 267). REFERENCE Barker, M. Vossler, A. and Langdridge, D. (2010) D240: ‘Understanding counselling and psychotherapy’, London, Sage for The Open University. David G. Purves and Dutton J, (2013) An exploration of the therapeutic process while using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy: Linking research with practice, DOI: 10.1080/14733145,2012.761259 SELF-REFLECTION The area I found interesting is the counselling relationship, understanding it makes me confident on how to engage with clients The areas I found difficult was research summary and I struggled a bit with discussion on strength and weakness of qualitative research method.

Engineering Ethics Essay

Engineering Ethics Essay Engineers tend to practice their profession as members of teams, led and managed by senior engineers who are employees, even though they also assume the role of employers in many aspects of their relationships with their juniors The more senior engineers tend to be concerned with the leadership and management of large resources of men, materials and finance over which they have control It is the juniors who are more involved in the detailed technical practice of the profession; and technical direction comes from middle levels of the organizational structure Management implies responsibility and in engineering management, the professional engineer is responsible in a very direct sense for control over the resources of the community Engineering therefore, is a unique profession in which all of the marks of the professional man have crucial importance: he must have high-level skills and he must develop different skills as his career advances he must have a strong motivation for service because everything he does impinges on the community in some way or other The whole community is the ultimate client rather than the individual clients as in the case with other professions 2.2 Ethics and Professionalism Engineering is closely involved in human relations and in business and commerce A great many of the special problems in personal conduct met by engineers are likely to arise from this fact Ethics means something more than law and morals , it carries an additional connotation of rightness The Code is a statement of the principles of rightness, of broad scope and with enough detail to enable an intelligent man to deduce for himself the course of his own professional conduct The essence of all professional codes is that the professional man must be worthy, through his conduct, of the trust placed in him by the community and his colleagues To act every situation in a manner that will add to the confidence and esteem in which his profession is held by the community A profession is no better than its individual members. If they do not have the professional attitude and live by the rules of the profession, they have no profession Most professional engineers adopt an institutional view of the organizations of the profession: deserving, even requiring, the loyalty of each engineer as an expression of his identity as a professional engineer organizations are the manifestation of the professional entity and they require the giving of effort, loyalty and financial support without thought to direct personal gain Instrumental view of the professional organizations: support is given, sometimes grudgingly, on the basis of an expected return in some tangible form The instrumental view should have no place in the value system of the man who aspires to true professional status 2.3 Engineers and Society We are responsible for our own image If we want the public to appreciate our work then we must first do an excellent job We must be aware of technological advancements, be designers instead of users and get involved in research and development We have the brains, the technology and the expertise, we just need effort and commitment from ourselves Engineers provide not only the necessary human resources for the infrastructure development of a country but also important devices necessary for the welfare of the public Engineers yield a degree of influence over formulators of policies and decision makers. If this influence is based on the self-interests of individuals or a minority in which case the interests and welfare of the wider community becomes of secondary importance. Corruption is an extreme example of this Because of the significance and influence of professionals in society, the value systems which govern their lives and attitudes are needless to say, of great importance By professional ethics or professionalism, one is referring to a philosophy of work that values and emphasizes the positive qualities in a job or occupation One would also need to consider the wider implications of ones occupation in social and moral contexts 2.4 Code of Ethics In every profession, there are various sets of positive qualities. One, a universal set of qualities which pertain to any job or occupation like dedication, diligence and honesty A second set of positive qualities are those which are particular to the job or occupation at hand The third category is professional ethics and this is the category of social and moral awareness of the implication or effects of ones job on the wider community and environment Ethics Ethics is the study of morality. It studies which actions, goals, principles, policies, and laws are morally justified It refers to moral values that are sound, actions that are morally required (right) or morally permissible (all right), policies and laws that are desirable Accordingly, engineering ethics consists of the responsibilities and rights that ought to be endorsed by those engaged in engineering, and also of desirable ideals and personal commitments in engineering Engineering ethics is the study of the decisions, policies, and values that are morally desirable in engineering practice and research Morality concerns respect for persons, both others and ourselves It involves being fair and just, meeting obligations and respecting rights, and not causing unnecessary harm by dishonesty and cruelty In addition, it involves ideals of character, such as integrity, gratitude, and willingness to help people in severe distress And it implies minimizing suffering to animals and damage to the environment As related to engineering ethics, these skills include the following: Moral awareness : proficiency in recognizing moral problems and issues in engineering Cogent moral reasoning : Comprehending, clarifying, and assessing arguments on opposing sides of moral issues Moral coherence: Forming consistent and comprehensive viewpoints based upon a consideration of relevant facts Moral imagination : Discerning alternative responses to moral issues and receptivity to creative solutions for practical difficulties Moral communication: Precision in the use of a common ethical language, a skill needed to express and support ones moral views adequately to others Moral reasonableness: The willingness and ability to be morally reasonable Respect for persons: Genuine concern for the well-being of others as well as oneself Tolerance of diversity: Within a broad range, respect for ethnic and religious differences, and acceptance of reasonable differences in moral perspectives Moral hope: Enriched appreciation of the possibilities of using rational dialogue in resolving moral conflicts Integrity : Maintaining moral integrity, and integrating ones professional life and personal convictions. 2.4.2 Meanings of Responsibility Obligations. Responsibilities are obligations-types of actions that are morally mandatory. Some obligations are incumbent on each of us, such as to be honest, fair, and decent Other obligations are role responsibilities, acquired when we take on special roles such as parents, employees, or professionals Accountable Being responsible means accountable. This means having the general capacities for moral agency, including the capacity to understand and act on moral reasons It also means being answerable for meeting particular obligations, that is, liable to be held to account by other people in general or by specific individuals in positions of authority We can be called upon to explain why we acted as we did, perhaps providing a justification or perhaps offering reasonable excuses Wrongdoing takes two primary forms: voluntary wrongdoing and negligence Voluntary actions occur when we knew what we were doing was wrong and we were not coerced Some voluntary wrongdoing is recklessness, that is, flagrant disregard of known risks and responsibilities Other voluntary wrongdoing is due to weakness of will, whereby we give in to temptation or fail to try hard enough Negligence occurs when we unintentionally fail to exercise due care in meeting responsibilities. We might not have known what we were doing, but we should have Conscientious Morally admirable engineers accept their obligations and are conscientious in meeting them. They diligently try to do the right thing, and they largely succeed in doing so, even under difficult circumstances 2.4.3 KEY CONCEPTS Ethical dilemmas, or moral dilemmas : situations in which reasons, conflict, or in which the application of moral values is problematic, and it is not immediately obvious what should be done Steps in resolving ethical dilemmas : (1) Moral clarity : Identify the relevant moral values (2) Conceptual clarity (3) Informed about the facts. Obtain relevant information (4) Informed about the options: Consider all genuine options (5) Well-reasoned: Make a reasonable decision Right-wrong, better-worse: Some ethical dilemmas have solution that are either right (obligatory) or wrong (morally forbidden); other dilemmas have more that one permissible solution, some of which are better or worse that others either in some respects or overall 2.4.4 Importance of codes of ethics Codes of ethics state the moral responsibilities of engineers as seen by the profession and as represented by a professional society Because they express the professions collective commitment to ethics, codes are important in stressing engineers responsibilities and also the freedom to exercise them The essential roles of codes of ethics: (1) serving and protecting the public (2) providing guidance (3) offering inspiration (4) establishing shared standards (5) contributing to education (6) deterring wrongdoing (7) strengthening a professions image 2.5 Regulations on professional conducts All professional groups have two main characteristics: (1) Professionals in the same discipline institutionalize themselves into a professional body with recognized standards of academic and practice qualifications for membership. (2) The professional body has a Code of Ethics to govern the conduct of its members and disciplinary procedures in the event of breach of such Code. When we speak of a Code of Ethics, we are not talking about law In the Code of Ethics, our concern is with what is morally right or wrong Situations which require the Professional Engineer to consider the morality of his actions arise under circumstances in which they may exist conflict of interest between the individual professional and any or all of the entities with which he has to interact i.e. Community, Employer, Clients and/or Peers The professional owes a duty of care towards those he serves in ensuring that their interests are protected, and in this respect, there is a guideline which is what the Code of Ethics is all about The three Professional Engineering bodies in Malaysia have complementary functions in the regulation of professional conduct All three bodies have their own Code of Ethics designed to suit their specific requirements according to the objectives for which each body is constituted IEM Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics of IEM, lays down general guidelines for the conduct of members vis-Ã  -vis his relationships and transactions with: (1) The community (2) The Employer (3) Clients (4) Peers The IEM Regulations on Professional Conduct tend to be general because the IEM comprises a very wide cross-section of engineering disciplines as well as types of professional employment and businesses IEM Code embraces many areas involving moral and philosophical considerations including public safety and health, conservation of resources and environment, upgrading of technology, assuming responsibility within ones competence The IEM code also includes the dos and donts in the conduct of affairs between Engineer and employee, clients and peers While the dos and donts are clear cut and easily understood, the moral and philosophical issues can be subject to various interpretation Board of Engineers Code of Professional Conduct Under Section 15 of the Engineers Act 1967, the Board may order the cancellation of the registration of any engineer, if:- (1) he is guilty of fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude; (2) he accepts illicit commission; (3) he fails to disclose to his client any vested financial interest in his dealings with the client This Code of Professional Conduct has the force of law and breach of any of the rules embodied in the BEM code may subject the offender to penalties provided for under the Engineers Act including the ultimate penalty of de-registration Therefore, in viewing the role of the BEM as a regulating body, its power to act in law must be taken into account BEM code can at best distinguish between what is legal and what is not, and may be regarded as the baseline or minimum level of ethics that ought to be maintained All the rules in the Code except two consist of clear cut Dos and Donts These rules concern what an Engineer shall or shall not do in the course of his employment or private practice and are extremely clear cut and unambiguous All these rules are concerned with the prevention of situations which may possibly give rise to conflict of interest between the Engineer, his employer or his clients The other two, Rule No. 25 and 26, are more abstract and tend towards issues of morality which may have no useful function in law simply because they are subjective and unenforceable Association of Consulting Engineers, Malaysia (ACEM) The affairs of the ACE are governed by their memorandum and articles of association The Association of Consulting Engineers has prescribed rules in their memorandum and articles of association and these rules are more specific to Engineers who practice as Consultants The ACE Code of Ethics is enunciated under the heading Duties of Members as set out in Articles 16 to 27 of their articles of association A study of these articles will reveal that when it comes to practice matters, the ACE has gone to great lengths to be more specific and detailed than either the BEM or IEM, and have laid down some clear and strict rules This is due to a Consulting Engineers excessive involvement in business or other commercial ventures, especially those which are of a nature related to his practice The ACE Code is designed for areas like, advertising and promotion of works, fees and other remuneration, competition with other members, submission of bids or proposals and related subjects. As for moral and philosophical issues, it is covered by Rule 16 which reads: Every member, in his responsibility to his clients and the profession, shall have full regard to these rules, to the rules of the professional Institution or Institutions to which he belongs and to the public interest. Code of ACE places an onerous duty on its members to conform to both the IEM and BEM Codes as well as their own specific rules governing the conduct of Consulting Engineering business 2.6 Applying global ethics in engineering organizations Globalization refers to the increasing integration of nations through trade, investment, transfer of technology, and exchange of ideas and culture Global interdependency affects engineering and engineers in many ways as in multinational corporations where moral challenges arises: Who loses jobs at home when manufacturing is taken offshore? What does the host country lose in resources, control over its own trade, and political independence? What are the moral responsibilities of corporations and individuals operating in less economically developed countries? Technology transfer is the process of moving technology to a novel setting and implementing it there Technology includes both hardware(machines and installations) and technique (technical, organizational, and managerial skills and procedures) A novel setting is any situation containing at least one new variable relevant to the success or failure of a given technology: example, the setting may be a foreign country Appropriate technology refers to identification, transfer, and implementation of the most suitable technology for a new set of conditions and it includes social factors Case study: BHOPAL Union Carbide in 1984 operated in 37 host countries in addition to its home country, USA On Dec.3rd, 1984, the operators of Union Carbides plant in Bhopal, India became alarmed by a leak and overheating in a storage tank The tank contained methyl isocyanate (MIC), a toxic ingredients used in pesticides Within 1 hour, the leak exploded that sent 40 tons of deadly gas into the atmosphere This is the worst industrial accident in history: 500,000 persons exposed to the gas 2500 to 3000 deaths within a few days 10,000 permanently disabled 100,000 to 200,000 injured 10 years later, 12,000 death claims and 870,000 personal injury claims had been submitted only $90 million of Union Carbides settlement had been distributed What went wrong? The disaster was caused by a combination of extremely lax safety procedures, gross judgment errors by local plant operators, and possible sabotage with unintended consequences Greater sensitivity to social factors was needed in transferring chemical technology to a country foreign to the supplier of the technology Government of India required the Bhopal plant to be operated entirely by Indian workers Union Carbide at first trained the plant personnel in its West Virginia plant US engineers make regular on-site safety inspections In 1982, financial pressures relinquish its supervision of safety at the plant 2 years later, safety practices eroded: personnel problems: high turnover of employees failure to properly train new employees low technical preparedness of local labour pool workers handling pesticides learned from personal experience than from safety manuals even after suffering chest pains vomiting, they fail to wear safety gloves and masks due to high temperature a result of lack of air-conditioning Move away from US standards(contrary to Carbides written policies) to lower Indian standards Extreme hazards: Tanks storing the MIC gas were overloaded (manual specifies that tanks must not be filled > 60%:extra space needed in emergencies to dilute the gas Standby tank was not empty for use as an emergency dump Tanks were supposed to be refrigerated but refrigeration was shut down to cut cost making the tank temperature 3 to 4 times what they should have been Sabotage: A disgruntled employee unscrewed a pressure gauge and inserted a hose into it not realizing that it would cause immense damage Negligence: A new worker was to flush out some pipes filters. He closed the valves but failed to insert the safety disks to back up the valves in case they leaked. He knew that valves leaked but did not check for leaks: It was not my job! The safety disks were the responsibility of the maintenance dept., and the position of second-shift supervisor had been eliminated By the time they noticed a gauge showing mounting pressure and began to feel the sting of leaking gas, their emergency procedures were unavailable: A venting gas scrubber to neutralize the gas was shut down because it was assumed to be unnecessary during times when production was suspended Flare tower to burn off escaping gas missed by the scrubber was inoperable because a section of the pipe connecting it to the tank was being repaired Workers sprayed water 100 ft to the air but the stack was 120 ft Within 2 hours , most of the chemicals had escaped and form a deadly cloud over hundreds of thousands of people in Bhopal There were thousands of squatters in the areas surrounding the plant with hopes to find employment as well to take advantage of available electricity and water None of the squatters had been officially informed of the danger posed by the chemicals produced next door to them No emergency drills No evacuation plans What are the moral responsibilities of multinational corporations like Union Carbide? Ethical relativism: the view that actions are morally right within a particular society when they are approved by law, custom etc. This is false because it might excuse moral horrors, ex: it would justify low standards if that were all a country requires Ethical absolutism: retains precisely the same practices endorsed at home, never making any adjustments to a new culture This is also false because it fails to take account of many variable facts Ethical relationalism: the view that moral judgments are contextual in that they are made in relation to a wide variety of factors including the customs of other cultures 2.7 Technology and the work ethics Technology : Value-neutral or value-laden? Value-neutral : says that technology consists of artifacts or devices -machines,tools, structures perhaps together with knowledge about how to make and maintain devices Value-laden : says that technology consists of value-guided organizations and general approaches, in addition to artifacts and knowledge Technological determinism is the view that the primary structures of human society are determined by technology, rather than human beings controlling technology Social constructionism is the view that emphasizes 2 way causal interactions between technology and society highlights the importance of human perceptions interpretations An example: automobile It is a necessity but the effects include the depletion of world oil supplies, pollution and deaths(accidents) If technology dramatically influences us, we also shape the directions of technology Another example : Tomato harvester- plucks and sorts tomatoes with a single pass. Cost of harvesting tomatoes was reduced. But jobs were lost, small growers forced out of business. Funding to develop new technology comes from the taxpayers Engineers need to understand how their work affects public life As managers, entrepreneurs, consultants government officials, engineers provide many form of leadership that should include moral leadership in developing and implementing technology within their professions communities Moral leadership is the success in moving a group toward morally desirable goals using morally desirable procedures

Apophatical Metaphysics of a Subject :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Apophatical Metaphysics of a Subject ABSTRACT: In this paper, the inevitability of the metaphysics of a subject for the philosophical understanding of a person’s being in the world is established, and the apophatic character of this type of metaphysics is discussed. Analysis of the categories of being and non-being which allow the interpretation of a subject as transcendent and as transcendental being that is characterized by uniformity, spontaneity and irreversibility is also mentioned. The suggested interpretation of a subject discloses both the rational sense of the classical points of view on the absolute, unconditional, timeless and spaceless character of the subject of knowledge, and the compatibility of the notions of the absolute character of a subject and the ontological condition of a human being in society and culture. The main idea of the suggested conception of a subject is the fact that the subject’s being cannot be "housed" into the world, nor can it be characterized as impossible existence for the world. The world can be understood only from the point of view of being impossible (symbolic) existence. The discussion of the problem of identification of a subject shows that the presumption of a subject as one of the existing structures of the world leads to paradoxes and contradictions in the interpretation of the processes taking place in the world. To understand the process of education, it is necessary to bear in mind that it is not only cognitive, but also moral: education is the process of the formation of a subject of knowledge through identification with transcendental symbolic existence, which fact demands making efforts to be on the part of the thinking person. I. Introduction Some schools of modern philosophy buried the notion of a subject in oblivion. Criticism of the classical reason that began in the second half of the XIX century has come to an end in postmodemism of the XX century with the declaration of the principles of pluralism, relativism, contextuality and decentration. These principles are incompatible with the classical view on a subject, an object, truth and objectivity of cognition. The characteristic feature of the classical conceptions criticism of the 1-conceptions was the fact that it was aimed at opposing the consequences of the classical conceptions. These consequences include theories of the ideological forms of consciousness, theory of social progress, scientism, understanding of truth as a function of power, violence, etc. We must not understand this criticism of consequences as sufficient ground to reject the notion of subject.

Alice Walker’s Short Story Everyday Use Essay -- essays research paper

Alice Walker’s Short Story â€Å"Everyday Use† In Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† tells us a story of two daughters’, Dee and Maggie Johnson, with different ideas about their identities and values. Dee a young woman who, in the course of a visit to the rural home she thinks she has outgrown, attempts unsuccessfully to divert some fine old quilts ,earmarked for the dowry of a sister, into her own hands. Dee is Mrs. Johnson’s oldest daughter, the one who has always been determined, popular, and successful. Maggie is her young sister who was severely burned in the house fire as a child. She is still lives with her mother in poverty, putting â€Å"priceless† objects to â€Å"everyday use.† A similar view is expressed by Houston Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, who writes, â€Å"A scarred and dull Maggie, who has been kept at home and confined to everyday offices, has but one reaction to the fiery and vivacious arrival of her sister.† Dee despises her sister, her mother and the church that helped to educate her. She is selfish, and walker focuses the reader’s growing dislike for the heroine in her indifference to Maggie, the pathetic sister she seems prepared to ignore in a kind of moral triage. Maggie represents the multitude of black women who must suffer while the occasional lucky â€Å"sister† escapes the ghetto. Mama conjectures that: Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, e...

Coordinate Activities And To Use The Available Resources

A formal national EE scheme or policy though has every bit yet non been set up due to miss of political will ( Mayo et al. , 2008 ) , even though the National Environment Education Strategy Action Group was set up in early 1996 ( Department of Health Policy and Planning, 1997 ) . Research shows that EE has ingrained its roots in the primary educational field ( Pace, 1997 ) , where it is reasonably easy to incorporate cross-curricular EE in the schoolroom since most of the clip there is merely one instructor responsible for the instruction of all the topics. In the secondary educational field, it is less easy, since different topics are thought by different instructors and therefore acquisition is more disconnected. Pace ( 1997 ) argued that there are three obstructions which limit the extract of EE in secondary school course of study: stiff capable compartmentalization deficiency of preparation for learning forces stiff timetables and direction constructions Environmental surveies was introduced as a topic in the secondary course of study, but it is non implemented in public schools where they still have separate lessons and instructors for geographics, history and societal surveies. Still environmental issues are normally tackled in scientific topics such as incorporate scientific discipline, biological science, chemical science, natural philosophies and geographics. The EkoSkola programme though, in both primary and secondary schools, has successfully driven multidisciplinary EE in schools. The programme supports a whole school attack and weaves EE rules within a school ‘s direction policy and the mundane running of the school. In post-secondary schools acquisition is even more disconnected with different instructors learning non merely different topics, but besides different subjects within the same topic. Like in secondary schools environmental issues are normally addressed in science-related topics. In 1994, an intermediate degree certification in Environmental Science was launched. However, the class does non supply a holistic overview of environmental issues because the syllabus panel regarded the debut of socio-cultural facets as an effort to chant down the course of study ( Pace, 1997 ) . Students taking to inscribe into university, have to follow a Systems of Knowledge class which consists of four faculties. Module 4 is called ‘Sustainable Development and Environment ‘ and apart from taking to further cognition on local and international sustainable development issues, it besides aims to further pro-environmental attitudes and values such as: The value of sustainable development as a merely method of covering with environmental issues Concern and duty for the environment Committedness to actively take part in enterprises aimed at protecting the environment ( Matsec, Syllabus 2011 ) The job with this class though is that it involves a concluding scrutiny and at least a base on balls is a demand for university registration. Harmonizing to Pace ( 1997 ) , the class ‘s purposes are non wholly fulfilled as the scholars ‘ chief concern is to obtain a certification in the topic instead than widening their cognition.2.2.2 Problems with Education for Sustainable DevelopmentHave pedagogues responded to the demand, values and methods of ESD? Harmonizing to Bybee ( 1991 ) , pedagogues have responded neither ap ­propriately nor sufficiently, but they have reacted chiefly by concentrating on modern-day jobs individually, such as the energy crisis, acerb rain or population growing, and the consequence has been uncoordinated, unconnected educa ­tional stuffs. Sterling ( 2001 ) suggests that a ground why educational systems across the Earth have hardly responded to the challenge of reorientation may be that there has been deficient elucidation of the alterations in instruction that would be necessary for the ends of EE to be fulfilled. What has been losing is lucidity about the vision of the instruction that is needed, and besides a scheme of how to come on towards such a vision, bearing in head the power of the dominant societal and educational paradigms. Harmonizing to Pace ( 2005 ) , though, the major job is the inclination of educational establishments to take the easiest manner out – the relabeling of traditional patterns such as Nature Study, as EE, instead than the restructuring of educational constructions. This might stem from the failure of policy-makers to understand what is needed to accomplish proper EE ( Pace, 1992 ) . Leal Filho ( 1996 ) suggests that this deficiency of apprehension, confusion and slow acceptance of proper EE has been aggravated by academic arguments about nomenclature. At this point, it is of import to separate between instruction about the environment and instruction for the environment. The first refers to geting cognition and consciousness about issues and roll uping informations on these issues ; the 2nd refers to utilizing instruction to construct a more sustainable hereafter. Education for the environment is more than cognition edifice. It includes new attitudes, positions and values that usher and tip people towards more sustainable life styles. Barriers to EE are non merely present on a national and institutional degree but besides on a schoolroom degree. Some barriers are external and logistic in nature such every bit such as deficiency of clip ( Ko and Lee, 2003, as cited by Kim and Fortner, 2006 ) . However, there are besides barriers that act more on a personal degree, such as instructors ‘ attitude, content cognition, and pedagogical cognition ( Kim and Fortner, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Makki et al. , ( 2003 ) , it is besides non plenty to develop and implement a course of study in which EE is conspicuously represented. They continue to reason that even though an improved course of study may supply instructors and pupils with tonss of information, if it does non surrogate creativeness, involvement, and pupil engagement, the consequence will be deficiency of meaningful acquisition and motive. A critical, but by and large disregarded facet of EE is environmental political instruction, which teaches how alterations can be achieved via political activism directed at Governments, international administrations, and even corporations ( United Nations, 2004 ) . In other words, EE should be aimed at bring forthing environmentally responsible citizens, non merely green consumers.2.3 Young personEnvironmental issues affect immature people in a disproportional manner since they are the 1s who have to populate for a longer period of clip in a deteriorating environment handed down to them by old coevalss. Young people are the 1s that will decidedly necessitate to supply extremist solutions to the environmental jobs caused by contemporary actions ( Bradley et al. , 1999 ) . Young people should therefore be compelled to prosecute in new signifiers of action and activism that will bring forth effectual consequences in the field of environmental protection ( United Nations, 2004 ) . The h ereafter of the universe is, after all, their hereafter. The universe ‘s 1.2 billion immature people aged 15-24 constitute 18 per cent of the planetary population ( United Nations, 2007 ) . Young people play many functions in society. They are non merely scholars but besides consumers of many things including energy. They are intelligibly besides concerned by societal, cultural, economic and environmental issues. Young people therefore have a cardinal function to play in determining the hereafter, including in finding forms of energy ingestion, and other factors taking to climate alteration. The development of pro-environmental attitudes and behavior in young person is therefore seen as really of import for a sustainable hereafter ( Eagles and Demare, 1999 ) . The United Nations ( UNCED, 1992 ) identified young persons as cardinal stakeholders that have a alone part to do towards sustainable development, and dedicated Chapter 25 in Agenda 21 to the importance of kids and immature people in the engagement in determination devising to make their ain hereafter. Agenda 21 promotes the function of immature people in decision-making by withstanding the popular discourse that since immature people are inexperienced and unqualified, they should non be considered ( De Lucca, 2004 ) . Young people have a right to be listened to and involved in the issues and determinations that affect their lives, non merely today but besides in the hereafter. Besides, the experience of immature people populating in the modern universe, conveying alone positions that need to be taken into history, and their creativeness, open-mindedness, and energy enable them to seek out the alteration that they want to see and force for it. Therefore the engagement of immature peo ple in determination devising procedures will decidedly act upon the long-run success of sustainable development. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, frequently shortened to Rio Declaration, is a short papers that was produced at the same conference ( Earth Summit ) . The Rio Declaration consists of 27 rules intended to steer future sustainable development around the universe. Principle 21 concerns youth, and suggests that the creativeness, ideals and bravery of immature people should be mobilised to make a planetary partnership that will vouch a better hereafter for everyone through sustainable development ( United Nations, 1992 ) . These two paperss ( Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration ) highlight the importance of young person to the future sustainability of our environment both in Malta and throughout the universe. The National Youth Policy ( Parliamentary Secretariat for Youth and Sport, 2010 ) affirms that the State recognises ‘that young person engagement in preserving and protecting the environment is an of import part towards the attainment of sustainability ‘ ( 3.8.1.2 ) , and that it should seek schemes that promote and promote ‘the active function of immature people and their administrations in recommending steps to battle clime alteration, conserve bio-cultural diverseness and better the quality of human life ‘ ( 3.8.2.2 ) . ESD is truly the key to enabling young persons to accomplish a sustainable hereafter. Agenda 21 expects authoritiess to set up task-forces that include young persons and young person NGOs to develop ESD programmes specifically aiming young persons on relevant critical issues ( UNCED, 1992 ) . This is because ESD is the best tool to inform and call up all immature people, to take part actively in community activities that contribute to planet ary sustainable development, therefore authorising them to take part in social transmutation ( UNESCO, 2004 ) . One of the purposes of this research stems from the demand to do ESD more available to immature people, and is therefore to place some factors that encourage a alteration in behavior in immature people so that more effectual programmes could be developed. It is hoped that more immature people take the lead in sustainable development. Young person have a major function in political relations and they can utilize their influence as a long-run constituency to name upon political leaders to take more pro-environmental determinations ( United Nations, 2003 ) since they are the 1 that will confront the effects of bad determinations, for the longest period of clip. Today ‘s immature people have more power and possible to make alteration on planetary and local degrees than they have had in any old coevals ( Corriero, 2004 ) . This addition is due both to the increased attempts at inclusion by determination shapers who recognise the importance of the parts of immature people to determination devising and to the easiness of treatment and information exchange as a consequence of the Internet ( Arnold et al. , 2009 ) . In general, immature people are frequently more open to information about the environment than do people from older coevalss. In portion this is due to the handiness of more EE in schools, at least in the developed universe and possibly more periodically elsewhere ( United Nations, 2004 ) . Besides holding been more open to environmental issues by agencies of formal, non-formal and informal instruction, youth have lived all their lives in an epoch in which these issues have become rather seeable. Because young person have a stronger consciousness of the issues and a greater interest in sustainable development, this should be an country in which they ought to take the lead to advance more consciousness and to convey about concrete alterations. Young people surely rose to the challenge at the COP-15 of the UNFCCC in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009. At COP-15, universe leaders met to negociate the protocol that will follow the Kyoto Protocol, upon its termination. The end was to hold on new adhering understandings to extenuate clime alteration. As those with the most to lose, 1000000s of young person from around the Earth gathered forces and campaigned, lobbied and protested to allow their leaders know that they care for their hereafter and that it must be protected. Despite the importance of young person battle in sustainable development, there has been small research conducted on immature people who are leaders in environmental action ( Arnold et al. , 2009 ) . This type of research will enable informed attempts to prosecute immature people in environmental issues. Such battle could hold deductions for their involvement and engagement in environmental action throughout their lives. The immature people involved in this survey have, for a figure of grounds, developed a deep concern for the natural environment, so much so that they have become portion of an administration that speaks out for the environment. They strive for the capacity to do alterations in those procedures of society which they consider to be impeding its sustainability.2.4 Research into Attitudes and BehaviourIt is clear that the attitudes, cognition, and concerns that immature people have about the environment will straight and indirectly affect nowadays and future determinations refering the environment and sustainable development. Therefore, if we examine immature peoples ‘ attitudes, cognition, and concerns about the environment around them, we can hold a better apprehension of the way we are headed. It is besides of import to larn about the direct parts that they are doing to prolong and back up the environment, and to observe the illustrations of good pattern. Young leaders of altera tion can move as function theoretical accounts for other immature people. Human behavior is seen as an of import subscriber to environmental jobs and their solutions ( Gardner and Stern, 2002 ; Nickerson, 2003 ) , and instruction purposes to determine human behavior ( Hungerford and Volk, 1990 ) . Therefore behavioral theories have been widely used to inform and develop EE. Ajzen and Fishbein ‘s ( 1980 ) theoretical account of sound action is one of the most often cited. Harmonizing to their theory, purpose to move has a direct consequence on behavior, and can be predicted by attitude. Attitude is formed by subjective norms and beliefs. From its origin EE sought to promote pro-environmental behaviors and in the beginning this was based on a behavioral alteration theoretical account that hypothesised a additive relationship among cognition, attitude, and action ( Hines et al. , 1986-1987 ; Hungerford and Volk, 1990 ) . Environmental pedagogues and research workers therefore thought that any cognition gained about the environment and environmental issues would ensue in the development of a pro-environmental attitude, which in bend would take to pro-environmental behavior. This premise is still present to some extent in the instruction community. Working under this premise, early EE research workers sought to happen out what cognition and experiences characterised people that held pro-environmental attitudes. The implicit in premise was that if this cognition and these experiences could be replicated through EE, pro-environmental attitudes would be fostered amongst the general populace, and pro-environmental behaviors would so ensue. Corraliza and Berenguer ( 2000 ) specify pro-environmental attitudes as people ‘s sensitivities, to pay attending to, be concerned about, and, finally, to move in the name of environmental protection. Harmonizing to Kraus ( 1995 ) , attitude is one of the most of import determiners of behavior. Therefore, understanding the footing of an attitude is of import if one is to seek and ease behaviors alteration. Since a clear end of EE is to alter behavior, Pooley and O'Connor ( 2002 ) suggest that it would be advantageous to first understand the footing of environmental attitudes and so utilize that understanding to ease altering environmental behavior. Attitude research could therefore besides be a utile vehicle for finally planing EE plans ( Newhouse, 1990 ) . Some surveies support the relationship between pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors ( Dunlap and Van Liere, 1978 ; Kaiser et al. , 1999 ; Meinhold and Malkus, 2005 ; Oskamp et al. , 1991 ) . Assorted other surveies though, have concluded that the environmental attitude-behaviour association is flimsy ( Axelrod and Lehman, 1993 ; Barrett and Kuroda, 2002 ; Kaplowitz and Levine, 2005 ; Kraus, 1995 ; Mogensen, and Nielsen, 2001 ; Newhouse, 1990 ; Schultz and Oskamp, 1996 ; Tuncer et al. , 2005 ) . Even though these surveies report a high degree of cognition and positive environmental attitude, behavior is reported to be non so positive. This was confirmed to be true to the Maltese islands every bit good. Mifsud ( 2008 ) studies that the overall attitude towards the environment, of pupils in post-secondary instruction appears to be strongly positive, but pupils by and large seem to execute small positive action towards the environment. Similar consequences were found in other surveies ( Grima, 2008 ) . So, even though many people view themselves as ‘environmentalists ‘ ( Pieters et al. , 1998 ) , they do non interpret their attitudes into pro-environmental behavi or. One ground may be pro-environmental behaviors frequently does non ensue in an immediate single net income but in a long-run corporate net income, which is frequently non appreciated by the person. The single benefits obtained from going by auto and devouring endlessly, without consideration of negative environmental impacts, non dividing waste, and non conserving energy, are immediate, whereas the negative environmental effects of such behaviors are frequently unsure effects in the hereafter. Another ground for this spread between attitudes and behavior might be the manner in which we are presenting EE. The formal instruction system is strongly knowledge based and it is clearly non taking to the desired result. This clashes strongly with the proper purposes of EE which focus strongly on a alteration in behavior and life style. What is the benefit of EE if there is no action? Environmental jobs jeopardizing ecosystems and societies are due to human activities. To be reduced, they therefore require alterations in human behavior ( Pawlik, 1991 ) . It is therefore really of import to analyze other factors instead than knowledge that Foster a alteration in behavior. This will assist us to rethink instruction and happen new avenues of affecting immature people in positive environmental actions. There is in fact a big and invariably turning sum of literature that trades with the inquiry of how human behaviours that impact the natural environment can be explained and fostered. To successfully advance pro-environmental behavior, a better apprehension of the assorted factors that influence people to prosecute in such behavior is of import. Future EE attempts will definately profit from a closer consideration of hindrances to and incentives of pro-environmental behavior. It is non ever easy though to find such factors as sometimes, even if the behavior has a positive impact on the environment, it might be performed for other grounds than to protect the environment, for illustration, conserving energy in the family to salvage money or utilizing a bike alternatively of a auto to acquire some exercising. On the other manus, possibly we should non seek to extinguish these factors but see them at the same time with the ‘purely ‘ environmental grounds. After all to underst and and pattern sustainable development we need to incorporate environmental, economic and societal facets.2.5 Research on the Factors that Foster Pro-environmental Behaviour2.5.1 ValuessIt is frequently suggested that environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors are related to people ‘s values ( Poortinga et al. , 2004 ; Schultz and Zelezny, 1999 ; Stern, 2000a ) . Valuess are ingrained personal criterions that guide us through decision-making in life. Valuess are hence at the root of our attitudes and behavior. It has been argued that environmental jobs are mostly ingrained into the traditional values, attitudes, and beliefs of a given society ( Deng et al. , 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson et Al. ( 2004 ) different populations with specific societal patterns and cultural traits are likely to keep different values