Life Span Perspective Essay

Lifespan perspective is gaining knowledge through the changes that occur during human development. Changes occur as a result of cultural influences and specific events surrounding change (Lerner, 1996. ) Many characteristics define lifespan perspective and how it relates to human development. Understanding lifespan characteristics led to different theories of lifespan development. Heredity works together with the environment to create individual differences in development. Life is constantly changing so understanding aspects of change will gain insight in lifespan perspectives. The lifespan perspective, in relation to human development obtains its definition from the characteristics of development. These characteristics are ever-changing, multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plasticity. Life is ever-changing and change affects human development. Multidirectional change comes in from every direction such as physical health, social interactions, and intellectual growth. The influences have an effect on how individuals perceive future events can change the way an individual thinks, and processes information. Multicontextual means human lives receive influence from different contexts such as historical conditions, family patterns, and economic conditions. Individuals in a cohort will have similar values because of their exposure to similar events, culture, and technology. Multicultural occurs when exposure to cultures influence the person’s development. Cultures are more than race, religion, and region. Cultures are workplace, school, and any other dynamically structured group. Multidisciplinary refers to the academic fields that provide insight and data such as psychology, biology, education, and many more. Last is plasticity that encompasses every trait, and every individual is vulnerable to change at any period in the lifespan development (Berger, 2008. ) Change is constant because typical humans and the world they live are ever-changing and ongoing. Many theories of lifespan development have emerged over the centuries. They summarize and shed light on how diverse individual development is. Diversity in culture, historical conditions, individual experiences, and the environment constantly change the perspectives of individuals (Lerner, 1996. ) This change directly affects the individual’s lifespan development. Theories on lifespan development such as psychoanalytic theory or cognitive theory are only a few of many. Understanding these two theories has shed some light into the diversity of development. The psychoanalytic theory, found by Sigmund Freud, stems from the belief that experiences from childhood and unconscious desires influence human behavior (Berger, 2008. ) The first six years of life the human body goes through three distinct developmental stages, each focused on a particular body part and characterized by sexual pleasure. The first is the oral stage, which occurs during infancy. Second is the anal stage, which occurs in early childhood. Third is the phallic stage, occurring during the puberty stages of life in both male and female children (Berger, 2008. ) Each stage has a direct link with sensual satisfaction and development regarding needs and challenges. Relationships in life will mimic those between parent and child. The driving force of behavior lies in unconscious desires. These desires are receive heavy influence during the first six years of an individuals life, and affects his or hers development throughout life. The cognitive theory, found by Jean Piaget, is the development of the mind (Berger, 2008. ) This theory explains the direct link between how people think and how thoughts form attitudes, values, and behaviors. Experiences in life influence perception, depending on the thought processes of the individual (Scheibe, & Freund, 2008. ) Over time the experiences that influence individuals can lead to a change in the way that individual thinks. Like the environment and individual lives in, the mind changes throughout life. The debate between nature and nurture has been ongoing for centuries. Heredity can explain hair color, eye color, height, and other physical attributes. Heredity may even describe some innate fears and beliefs. The experience in life and the environment an individual lives in interacts with the innate responses born in an individual to build his or her personality. The environment that individual lives in changes over time. This change will influence the individual to go through some emotional changes over time, leading to change in the individual’s personality. The different perspectives of individuals, even siblings, vary creating different responses to the same event or environmental stimuli (Baltes, Staudinger, & Lindenberger, 1999. ) The different lifespan perspective theories, which relate to development, have the common denominator of change. The constant in the environment and in individuals is change. Individuals experience new events, food, people, sounds, music, and many more stimuli daily. The experiences of life go through processes in the mind and into storage or cast away, but the direct mental influences each experience creates chisels away to create an ever-changing personality.

Analysis of the boy in the stripped pyjamas

The boy In the striped pajamas. The movie Is about the life o Bruno a little German boy. N of one of the most Important Nazis in the second world war and how he lives next to a concentration, one day he finds the fence and in the other side of it is a boy with a pajamas, Bruno starts getting curious about this boy and he discovers that the name of the boy is Samuel, they start a friendship without even knowing that if someone discover their friendship there would be problems for Samuel. When you are a little kid you do not Judge people and you see the good In everyone, Bruno did not know that he must not talk to he people In the other side of the fence , he didn't have that Ideas that grown people had.The movie shows the innocence of a child and the mistakes grown people do. Q: How do you relate to a character/event /idea/setting in this text? Give your personal opinion of this character and reflect on why you think this: I children are the most honest people because they don't have ideas that adult people have, that is what I like about Bruno his innocence and how he just wanted to help Samuel despite his position, Bruno Is a loyal friend and makes everything to be with Samuel n example of It is in one of the last scenes when he grabs the hand of his friend before getting into the gas chamber.He died with his friend and he didn't know he wasn't supposed to be there, that his father was one of the reasons that the fences where there. People lost everything in this places, but children where the more affected because the lost their innocence and I hope I never related to this kind of stories. Q: Explain in detail what how and why this text teaches you something about yourself/collect/human nature/our world (historical or present day). What do you think is the writer's ‘director's purpose?Humans are cruel and they don't see what they do, but they are not born like this society teach them that, that is what the movie teach me about humanity, society tells wh at is right and what is wrong but when you are a kid you don't have this ideas and you just live without worries, Bruno show us this, even though his father was one of the mans elders he didn't understand. Adults can Influence In kids we can see this in Brunt's sister, she stop laying with dolls and being a girl and started putting posters of heeler and having pro Nazis ideas thanks to the things she saw and she lived. Word Count: Apron 300) Q. Why do you recommend this text? (Add more detail to your answers to Sq 1-3/ink to your experience and knowledge of the wider world in an insightful way by looking texts you have read and/or viewed) This movie reminds of the book the diary of Anne frank one of the most famous books in history, The diary of Anne Frank tells the story f a girl living in a hidden place with their family and more people, they lived like this for 2 years trying to hide from the Nazis in Amsterdam.Both of this stories talk about the second world war and both of them are narrate by 2 kids in the progress of growing up, both of them are in danger because of the Nazis. Anne is in danger because they are looking for her and her family, Bruno was in danger because he lived with them and they could invade his mind with that kind of ideas. I recommend this movie to all the ones that want to see a friendship movie.

Case Study Rolls Royce Economics Essay

Case Study Rolls Royce Economics Essay By instructing that parts and sub-assemblies are only produced to meet that demand MRP seeks to meet projected customer demand. Using the bill of materials to calculate how many are needed and when they must be made MRP back schedules demand for part and sub-assemblies. This is how MRP connects customer demand with the internal and external supply network. Although JIT planning and control has similar objectives. Derived from end-customer demand Pull scheduling parts only move in response to matched and synchronised signals (Slack, 2004). MRP is driven by the MPS that identifies future end-item demand. Using a computer to calculate how many of, and when, each part should be made a fixed lead-time environment is modelled. Its output is of time-phased environment plans that are centrally calculated and coordinated. Regardless of whether the next process can take or actually need the part at that time it is made in response to central instructions. The authority of MRP is undermine and make the plans unworkable at the shop floor level due to day-to-day disturbances, such as quality problems and inaccurate stock records. While MRP is excellent at planning, it is weak at control (Slack, 2004). MRP II is more precise than MRP because it instigates production of a variety of components, releases orders and offsets inventory reductions. â€Å"MRP II grasps the final product by its parts, orders their delivery to operators, keeps track of inventory positions in all stages of production, and determines what is needed to add to existing inventories† (Karmarkar, 1989). Through such products as SAP and Oracle, MRP II has led to additional advancements such as ERP. An ERP system consists of a suite of software modules, where each module is usually responsible for a separate business function. Its functionality has increased by new software capabilities; however the core planning and control assumptions that underline these packages have developed less rapidly (Steven son, 2005). Case Study: Rolls Royce One of the world’s largest manufacturers of the gas turbines is Rolls Royce. Their products are used to in civil aircraft, military aircraft, fast ships and power generation in addition to many other uses. Typically each product has around 25,000 parts as they are exceptionally complex products, and have hundreds of assemblies and sub-assemblies. Moreover, their production is equally complex with thousands of work centres in many different locations and over 600 external suppliers. Rolls Royce was one of the earliest users of computers to help with the task due to the complexity of planning and controlling their manufacture. Conventionally the company developed its won systems and software. The company then decided on implementing a standard ERP system, which was supplied by SAP and was their best selling R/3 product. This system offered a number of advantages over the approach previously used within the company. Significantly, it was an of f-the-shelf system that would force the company to implement a standardised and disciplined approach. Ultimately the entire organisation would use a singular modular database that would reduce duplication and errors. â€Å"There was an extensive data clean up to ensure accuracy and integrity of existing information, and all existing processes were reviewed and standardisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Within operations we have already seen a significant reduction in inventory, improved customer service, and substantially improved business information and controls.† (Slack, 2004)

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Journal - Assignment Example She was sometimes exposed to sex, and sometimes to sex abstinence, write Tasca et al. (110-119). It was in the second millennium BC that this condition started being studied as a disease in medicine with little scientific innovation. Theories proposed by Galen were the only scientific therapies that contributed to the study of this disease (Tasca et al. 110). In the 20th century, several studies were conducted to determine the risk factors for this disease so that actual solution could be reached. Hence, our views of female gender made the origin of this disease a wrong one, since we associated it with female weakness brought about by supernatural or demonological factors. This pseudo-scientific prejudice and our biased views regarding female gender misinterpreted and misunderstood this mental disorder, which is now considered as a proper mental illness that can be improved and corrected by proper therapies and

Shakespeare Comedies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Shakespeare Comedies - Term Paper Example nd the critics declared his comedy as the most refined pieces of art and literature, even Aristotle has stated comedy as a mean form of the imitation of real life. But it is not applied to Shakespearean comedies, which serve as the guiding star for the future generations to come. Shakespeare does not take comedy as the ridiculous or ugly form of literature. On the contrary, he introduced new and novel elements in comedy that maintain theme, meanings and objectives within their fold. His plays under study also concentrate upon highlighting the follies and shortcomings human nature contains, and Shakespeare looks for addressing those follies and weaknesses in a sophisticated manner. Answer A: Though Shakespeare appears to be influenced by classical literature in his early comedies, yet he outgrows this impression in his future works. The same is applied by going through his â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† and Measure for Measure†, where he exercises his intellect while creating the city comedy in an innovative way without seeking inspiration from classicism. It has been the tradition of the playwrights to either classical or romantic genre while producing comedy and Shakespeare’s can be attributed as romantic in composition and decorum. He presents vivacious city life in both his comedies under study, where there is energy, light, vigor, thrill and passion where dancing, feasting, love-making, engagements, drinks and dinners and merry-seeking decorate the entire atmosphere, and the reader finds himself in an extremely pageant environment where there is peace, harmony, jubilance, excitement and pleasure all around. The same can be detected in the streets of Padua, where the characters offer, stipulate and exchange ecstasy, joys and delight, as Christopher Sly states while conversing with the hostess at the bar: â€Å"Ye are a baggage: the Slys are no rogues; look in the chronicles; we came in with Richard Conqueror. Therefore paucas pallabris; let the world slide:

NEPAL WATER FOR HEALTH Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NEPAL WATER FOR HEALTH - Coursework Example Recycling waste is also a major concern and essential method used in waste management especially in the solid waste materials (PARIATAMBY & TANAKA, 2013) In Gorkha District, the rural hill area, there is a lack of waste management facilities hence can create challenges especially during the disposal of organic waste materials. In this case, the disposal of organic materials/waste is done in various ways that sometimes do not meet the required measures. These include feeding the animals with the leftover scraps, a trend that creates threat to animals’ lives. In the hill areas, plastic bottles, glass bottles, and plastic bags are some of the waste materials that are being found on the ground. This is an indication that there is a gradual accumulation of waste in the area. The methods used to dispose these wastes such as dumping and burning is also a threat to human and animal’s health. As a result of these effects, the community is being encouraged to desist from littering on the ground through provision of bags for disposing of the recyclable wastes/materials. Maintaining an environment is one of the ways to keep the com munity healthy and active by acquiring healthy natural resources (WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS, & KABBES, K. C, 2007). In waste management, recycling is given a major consideration. It helps in saving the valuable landfill space and protecting the health of the surrounding society. Nepal Water for Health is continuously operating together with the community to increase the recycling efforts to the people. Giving the community a recommended bag for waste disposal is one of the major steps taken to improve waste management. Even though recycling proves to be the best method in waste management, not all waste materials can be recycled for home use. They can further be as raw materials to manufacture the same products. Some of the materials

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Personal Statement Example The university’s commitment of creating, disseminating and applying knowledge to the betterment of humanity particularly drives my desire to be part of its community. My short-term professional goal is to obtain a CPA certification and license with which I should be able to enhance my word and corporate experience. Through building on my short-term goals I should be able to gather invaluable experience and knowledge towards my long-term goal of becoming a professional auditor. As a stronger believe in the quality of knowledge in transforming life, I as a professional accountant I will be able to work in the corporate world and contribute solidly to the society’s wellbeing which will answer my desire of positively influencing lives of many people. It is on this backdrop that I am applying to the George Washington University’s Master of Accountancy Program. A masters degree in accountancy, I believe will contribute tremendously not only to my professional development but also to the realization of my short and long-term goals. I want to gain my graduate degree at the George Washington University Business School being a disciple of lea rning in a dynamic, challenging and open environment. The University’s value of creating a student focused community, appreciation of diversity both culturally and intellectually and fostering creativity in an open learning environment particularly interests me. I have previously studied at the University of Delaware, Newark, De from where I graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Finance and attained a cumulative GPA of 3.27. During the undergraduate I studied courses such as investment, finance, accounting, operations management, micro & macro economics and business communications which I believe have prepared me for more challenges in the field. The knowledge gained during the bachelor’s degree opened my

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Budgeting - Essay Example man resource management which include employees’ development, compensation, rewards, and work benefits, job definition and design, and development of organizational culture. From a scientific perspective, performance management is a continuous process, which starts from the time an employee start working in an organization until the time when the employee exits the organization. Performance management is one of the things that H2O should consider placing great emphasis on as it prepares to expand its operations to the US. This is because performance management would help the company to align its HR initiatives with the US practices. That is, satisfying the needs of its human resources while ensuring that the abilities of the employees are directed towards achievement of the company’s objectives. Levensaler explains (20008) that â€Å"this is possible because performance management enables an organization to analyze how well its employees are performing on an individual basis† (p. 11). This entails analyzing how well an employee is performing in his/her current responsibilities based on the achieved results. Performance management also allows an organization to develop improvement plan. An improvement plan enables an employee to improve his/her performance, as well as prepare for future responsibilities. Furthermore, performance management would help H2O to promote cohesion between subordinates and their supervisors. Good subordinates-supervisors relationships have a positive impact not only on employees’ performance, but also in employees’ morale. In addition, performance management helps organizations to determine employees’ performance rewards which are rewarding employees depending on their abilities and achievements. Therefore, for H2O to be able to align its HR initiatives with the US practices, it should ensure that its performance management initiatives achieve the aforementioned objectives. Moreover, performance management is based on a

CIVIL RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CIVIL RIGHTS - Essay Example Since white population has been in majority in the USA, Canada, Australia and European countries since ever, they enjoy power, pelf, position, status and key positions in the developed and prosperous countries of the world at large. It is therefore I aptly wished to be the member of white racial group of society, so that I could also be looked at with great respect and admiration because of coming of the dominated white ethno-racial community. One day, I was highly depressed on my return from the job search excursion, and disappointment could easily be found on my face. After taking dinner half-heartedly, I went to bed and kept sleep. The next morning I woke up early at dawn and looked into the mirror. I was astonished to find me as the member of white racial group. I rubbed my eyes in order to estimate whether it was a dream or reality. However, still I was in the perplexed state of mind when I heard the call of my Black servant, who was seeking the piece of my advice regarding the preparation of breakfast in a very humble tone. I asked him to step in, and sit in chair with me. He looked at me with great surprise, and appeared to be reluctant to comply with my instructions.

Pornography and US Law Essay Example for Free

Pornography and US Law Essay In Catherine Mackinnon’s book â€Å"Only Words† she describes U. S law as a very strong indictment of a law system in conflict with itself. The book is divided and is a collection of three essays. The first one is a heavy and emotional criticism of pornography. The other two essays evaluate and compare pornography and sexual harassment with racial discrimination and abuse. She defines pornography as â€Å"explicit sexual material that subordinates women† (page 13). She argues that ‘pornography is sex’, as viewed by the American law, that only views it as a possible cause of injury, instead of an act of sexual discrimination that promotes sexual inequality. She holds that like other kinds of racial and hate speeches, it should be totally banned because it contributes heavily in the degradation, subordination and abuse of women in general. Mackinnon says even if pornography is a form of speech, this does not mean that it cannot be controlled and regulated by the government. She lashes out at the people who believe pornography and other acts of harassment and hate propaganda should be protected by law. Mackinnon argues that that pornography, harassment messages and racial speeches eventually do the same thing, which is ‘enact the abuse’. Porn, she says, lowers the dignity and self esteem of women and fuels the acts by â€Å"sexual harassers, wife beaters, child molesters, rapists and clients of prostitutes† (page 17). The first amendment promotes the problems the fourteenth amendment was supposed to fix. Mackinnon shows a society that is extremely hypocritical. Her words in the book have encompassed real abuse, directed at her as a woman; she has really tried to prove her point. Mackinnon believes that we need to change the first amendment in order to balance it out with the fourteenth amendment on issues concerning free speech and protection of equality. She is campaigning for the â€Å"new model in which free speech does not most readily protect the activities of Nazis, Klansmen and pornographers, while doing nothing for their victims† (page 32). She commended two Canadian court decisions which promoted the rights of people negatively affected by pornography and hate speeches and propaganda. Word that involve issues such as bribes, fixing of prices and segregation of facilities are treated as acts of law, but words or pictures target issues involving race and sex are not treated as acts of law, and that is why the courts end up permitting pornography in our societies. She shows how lawyers and judges have used the first amendment to justify the heinous acts of pornographers and racist individuals into political speech. She says that if words have ever been recognized as actions it is in situations concerning sexual harassment. She laments that the courts have reduced their effectiveness by overturning universities’ restraints of discriminatory and sexual speeches on campus by throwing out a complaint brought forward by a female shipyard worker who was harassed by having been shown pornography, which is a form of speech that is protected in the first amendment. In fact these words and pictures are protected by law explained as ‘the free and open exchange of ideas’, even reproduced for viewing. Mackinnon says that what the law is concerned with is not what the word does but what the consequences of the word is, the harassment, racism and hate speeches is showing the differences between the different social groups, the power one group has over another. Mackinnon through studies in workplaces, pornographers, on college campuses and others she shows these very discriminatory acts are protected by law as free speech; equality will only be seen and treated as a word. Mackinnon brings to the open many of the contradictions she has been saying in the previous essays, she says that â€Å"the law of equality and the law of freedom of speech are on a collision course in this country† (page 47). Mackinnon does a good job in showing the ignorance and shallow thinking of many defenders of pornography. The book is a passionate and eloquent plea to Americans to be able to see beyond the doctrines made normal by society, in particular concerning pornography and racial and hate speeches. She says that Americans suffer from obsession of expressive freedom to the trauma of the McCarthy era. Her arguments show that in some levels, pornography may be restricted, but it has not yet shown reason to be restricted. She later confuses by emphasizing that some of them are made from â€Å"actual child abuse and actual rape and tortures† (page 56). Certain weaknesses are evident in the book. First of all, she should have devoted more space for the definition of pornography so that it would have been applicable in law. Another weakness is the vague separation of debating and expressing intolerable ideas. These prevent from having clearly defined boundaries. What she fails to bring out in her book is the other side of free speech, the importance of free speech in an independent society like political accountability, self determination among others. Catherine Mackinnon’s views do have pros and cons. Her view that pornography should be controlled by the government I believe is a good thing. Pornography has really led to degradation of the society and this will reduce if it is controlled. To some extent it does lead to subordination of women leading to more cases of aggression towards women, it eventually ‘enacts the abuse’. Her suggestion that amendments should be made to the constitution to be able to defend those affected by pornography I believe is also a good thing. Campaigning for the new model that free speech does not protect the activities of those using the right of free speech to justify their actions is also a good idea. Some of the abuses of sexual inequality are regarded as free speech hence not seen as acts of sexual abuse. Lawyers and judges have used this to justify some of the issues affecting the society such as hate speeches, pornography and racial discrimination. Some of the cons is that she uses very few words to explain the definition of pornography, she should have taken more time define her view of pornography. I believe that pornography should be regulated and have to agree with Catherine Mackinnon. Pornography has caused serious consequences to the society in general and therefore should be controlled. The pornographers have the freedom to do a lot and they are protected by the constitution. To some extent it does lead to subordination of women, hence pornography should be controlled.

Estimate Waterfowl Nests on Monte Vista National Wildlife

Estimate Waterfowl Nests on Monte Vista National Wildlife USING DISTANCE SAMPLING TO ESTIMATE WATER FOWL NESTS ON MONTE VISTA  NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, COLORADO, USA Principal Investigator Nicole J. Traub, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, 275 UCB, A Research Proposal Project  Justification Measuring nest success is extremely important in order to determine the well-being of avian  populations. Biologists have been attempting to infer the status of avian species by estimating rates of births and deaths to determine population growth and stability (Johnson, 1979; Newson et al., 2008). One measure of avian birth rate that is easy to gauge is the percentage of nests that hatch, which is used as an indirect measure of reproduction (Johnson, 1979). Nest success rates can also be used to hypothesis causes for declines in avian populations, i.e. habitat degradation,  predation, overhunting, disease, environmental contaminants, etc. (Beauchamp et al., 1996). Nest success is defined as a nest in which at least one egg hatched and the presence of detached shell membranes is the best evidence that eggs hatched (Klett et al., 1986). Nest failure usually results from predation but they may have been abandoned if the hens are disturbed during the early stages of egg laying (Klett et al., 1986). Transect sampling is widely used by wildlife managers and researchers to estimate population sizes of inanimate and animate objects (Newson et al., 2008). Transect studies designed to estimate inanimate object population size, such as waterfowl nests, usually proceed as follows: the area to be sampled is defined; random (or systematic) transect lines are placed throughout the area; transects are searched to record the detection of the study object (Anderson and Pospahala,  1970). Bias is unavoidable in population size (density) estimates; therefore, it is important to recognize the source(s) of bias and adjust for them. An important source of bias lies in the transect sampling methods themselves. If some objects are not detected, then the expanded population estimate will be lower than the true population size unless adjustments are made (Burnham et al., 1980; Buckland et al., 2001). This source of bias is very important when detecting objects that are small, secretive, or well con cealed; however, when detecting large or inanimate objects, this source of bias may be of little importance (Anderson and Pospahala,  1970). The basic output from line transect sampling is the encounter rate, which is the number of detections per distance walked. This method can be used to estimate relative density but it does not account for detectability which can vary depending on the study object and habitat (Marshall et al., 2008). In order to compensate for incomplete counts and problems with detectability, one can measure the distance from the transect to each observation (distance sampling) (Burnham and Anderson, 1984). The sample population is then the area sampled rather than the objects of interest. For example, the population sampled is a population of line transects in a given area, each line transect is a sample unit, and the object of interest (waterfowl nests) is the variate associated with each transect (Anderson and Posahala, 1970; Marshall et al., 2008). Four assumptions must be met in order to make valid inferences about population densities using distance sampling (in order of importance): (1) all objects that fall on the transect line are detected with certainty; (2) objects do not move either away from or towards the observer prior to detection; (3) perpendicular distance data are measure accurately; and (4) all detections are independent of each other (Burnham and Anderson, 1984; Buckland et al., 2001). These assumptions can be violated in many ways including, but not limited to, inexperienced or untrained observers, lack of interest in the observer, fatigue, speed of travel down the transect, transect width, habitat type, time of day, season, sun angle, inclement weather, object size, shape, coloration, and habits (Burnham and Anderson, 1984; Buckland et al., 2001; Marshall et al., 2008). Both strip transects and line transects can be useful measures of population density. However, the key difference between them is that density can be estimated using line transects based on distance without some of the bias innate to strip transects. Line transects require only the perpendicular distance to the object. In contrast, strip transect density estimates are usually low because not all objects in the strip are detected (Burnham et al., 1980; Burnham and Anderson,  1984; Buckland et al., 2001). A previous study completed on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge (Anderson and Posahala, 1970) estimated waterfowl nest density using strip transects with a narrow width (8.25 ft. each side). This method is impractical and inefficient for sampling large areas since an insufficient number of objects may be detected after covering great distances (Anderson and Posahala, 1970). In contrast, this project proposes to utilize distance sampling with systematically placed line transects to obtain a full waterfowl nest census in order to determine nest distribution, nest success, and nest density. Objectives The purpose of this study is to test the possibility of employing a distance-based sampling  protocol utilizing line transects to estimate waterfowl nest density. Specifically, the objectives are to: 1. Evaluate and expand upon previous density estimates of waterfowl nests in the  Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge. 2. Determine if line transect sampling is more efficient than strip transect sampling for calculating waterfowl nest density. 3. Implement a distance-based line transect approach to calculating: a. Number of successful nests b. Number of depredated nests c. Total number of nests Methods  and  Study Design The general survey design will follow Anderson and Pospahala (1970). Thus, the survey design  will involve at least 20 transects that will be oriented north to south across the Refuge and spaced  150 feet apart. Total transect length will depend on the desired coefficient of variation (described below). Transects will be systematically overlaid a map of the Refuge prior to the start of the project to avoid bias in the way of vegetation or land use gradients (Figure 1). A transect will be randomly selected and a subsequent transect 150 feet away will be walked. This method will be followed in a sequential manner until all transects have been walked (Anderson and Pospahala, 1970; Buckland et al., 2001). Figure 1: Potential configuration of line transects throughout the Monte Vista National  Wildlife Refuge The Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge is home to several species of migratory waterfowl such as ducks and geese that rely on the refuge for breeding. Some species arrive on the refuge earlier than others. To mitigate the possibility of not detecting nests due to waterfowl arrival, this project will collect data twice a year, once during mid-May and once between mid-July to mid- August (Monte Vista, 2017). Sampling effort, and consequently cost, depends on the acceptable amount of uncertainty (randomness) in the density estimates. The coefficient of variation (CV) measures the uncertainty of the density estimate. Meaning that it measures how much the density estimate would change if the data were collected again (Burnham et al., 1980; Buckland et al., 2001; Schnupp, 2017a). The greater the variation in the estimate, the farther the estimate is from the true value. To control for fluctuations in variation, this project will utilize a systematic survey design with many transects (large sample size) and each transect will aim to have similar encounter rates (Figure 1). For ease of navigation and repeatability, pre-established transects will be uploaded through Mapwel 2016 to Garmin Etrex GPS units (Garmin International Incorporated, Olathe, Kansas). For each nest detected, the perpendicular distance from the center of the nest to the transect line, nest state (depredated or successful), and waterfowl type (duck or non-duck) will be recorded. Program DISTANCE 7.0 (Buckland et al., 2001) will be used to calculate overall nest density, density of successful nests, and density of depredated nests for both waterfowl types. If strong habitat differences are encountered during the survey, stratification will be used in post- processing of the data to reduce variation and improve the precision of density estimates. Data will be pooled from all transects to increase model robustness. Data pooling helps even out minor fluctuations in object density between transects and lead to more precise density estimations (Fewster et al., 2005). Various detection functi ons will be evaluated in DISTANCE, including uniform, half-normal, hazard rate, and negative exponential with simple polynomial, hermite polynomial, or cosine adjustments. A detection function will be selected from the competing models using Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) values and goodness of fit using Chi-square analysis (Buckland et al., 2001). Expected  Results  and  Benefits Given that nest success is viewed as empirical evidence for reproduction success and population status, it is imperative that estimates of density be as accurate as possible. The proposed research will (1) analyze the effectiveness of line transect distance sampling versus strip transect sampling and (2) provide an accurate, efficient, and cost-effective method to determine waterfowl nest success and distribution on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA. Upon confirmation of funding, research protocols will be refined in consultation with Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge personnel and Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Annual progress reports will be submitted and a final report detailing findings and recommendations will be submitted within 1 year of contract completion. Research results will be presented at professional scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals where Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge will be acknowledged as a major funding contributor. Additionally, if desired, one or more Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge employees will be listed as a coauthor in all presentations and publications. Project deliverables will include: Ph.D. dissertation and corresponding scientific publications Scientific presentations at state, regional, and international conferences (undergraduate and graduate) Spreadsheets for calculation of density estimates Technical bulletin comparing the efficacy of estimating nest density using distance sampling with line transects and strip transects. Endangered  Species  Considerations This section is not applicable to the proposed project.   Necessity  and  Ethical  Use  of  Animals This study will determine nest success and estimate of density of waterfowl on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA. All necessary precautions will be utilized to avoid harm to waterfowl during this study; however, an Animal Care and Use Form is being submitted with this proposal for research approval. Personnel The principal investigator of this study will be Nicole J. Traub, M.S. and the project will involve 1 Ph.D. candidate. Additionally, 5 part-time student workers will be hired to assist with research activities and data collection. Budget All items are budgeted for 2x year sampling 5%CV 10%CV 20%CV 25%CV 281.32 LINE ITEM Transect miles 7,032.97 1,758.24 439.56 Sampling hours 2,344.32 586.08 146.52 93.77 Sampling time (in days) 173 22 11 7 Salary/undergraduate 3,751.36 936.32 234.08 152.00 Salary/year (5 undergraduates) 18,756.80 4,681.60 1,170.4 760.00 Salary/P.I. 16,200.00 16,200.00 16,200.00 16,200 Fringe (0.7% salary) 244.70 146.17 114.22 118.72 Medical 13,108.3 4,741.30 4,741.30 3,346.80 Field supplies 3,000.00 3,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 Lodging 10,034.00 1,276.00 638.00 406.00 Expected mileage 13,872.40 1,645.6 1,754.80 1,193.8 Mileage reimbursement 6,936.20 1,288.6 877.40 596.90 Yearly Budget $95,454.05 $36,281.91 $27,327.28 $24,156.31 Total Expenses $286,362.15 $108,845.73 $81,981.84 $72,468.93 (3 Yearbudget) Literature  Cited   Ã‚   Anderson, D.R. and R.S. Pospahala. 1970. Correction of bias in belt transect studies of immotile objects. The Journal of Wildlife Management 34(1):141-146. Beauchamp, W. D., R.R. Koford, T. D. Nudds, R. G. Clark, and D.H. Johnson. 1996. Long-term declines in nest success of prairie ducks. The Journal ofWildlife Management 60 (2):  247-257. Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2001. Introduction to distance sampling estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford  University Press, New York, USA. 432p. Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson. 1984. The need for distance data in transect counts. The  Journal ofWildlife Management 48 (4):1248-1254. Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson, and J. L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs. (72):3-202. Fewster, R.M., J. L. Laake, and S. T. Buckland. 2005. Line transect sampling in small and large regions. Biometrics. 61 (3):856-859. Johnson, D.H. 1979. Estimating nest success: The Mayfield Method and an alternative. TheAuk  96 (4):651-661. Klett, A.T., H.F. Duebbert, C. A. Faanes, and K.F. Higgins. 1986. Techniques for studying nest success of duck in upland habitats in the Prairie Pothole region. Resource Publication  158. 24 p. Marshall, A.R., J. C. Lovett, and P.C.L. White. Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: lessons from primates. 2008. AmericanJournal of Primatology70:452-462. Monte Vista. 2017. Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Monte_Vista/wildlife_and_habitat/index.html. Newson, S. E., K. L. Evans, D. G. Noble, J. J. D. Greenwood, and K. J. Gaston. 2008. Use of distance sampling to improve estimates of national population sizes for common and widespread breeding birds in the UK. Journal of Applied Ecology45:1330-1338. Schnupp, M. 2017a. Sample units and transect design. PowerPoint presentation. Estimating Wildlife Populations course-WSCI 6390. http://schnuppconsulting.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/01/2-Sample-Units-Transect-Design.pdf. Schnupp, M. 2017b. Distance Sampling Assumptions. PowerPoint presentation. Estimating Wildlife Populations course-WSCI 6390. http://schnuppconsulting.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/01/4-Distance-Sampling-Assumptions.pdf.

Observation of a Day Labor Site :: Immigration Labor Essays Papers

Observation of a Day Labor Site The focus of this case study was to observe the new Phoenix day labor site also named â€Å"Macehualli†. This name came from the Aztec language. This site opened on Saturday February first 2003. We visited this site on April 29th 2003 at approximately 8:15 a.m. until around 9:45 a.m. Our goal was to talk with the key people involved in the day labor project. We inquired about this programs working status. Is this program benefiting the people who come here looking for work? We choose this site because of the interest in immigration by the U.S. and how do these immigrants find work in the United States. Our goal is to find out how this pilot program is working, how it is run and has it been successful so far. This study relates to the theme of 0ur migration and culture class because it is all about how people from Mexico migrate to the U.S. and how difficult it can be finding work in the states. The area that this day labor site is in was not what we expected. It is in the North Central area of Phoenix. When driving East on Bell road and turning South on 25th street you pass an area with chain linked fence. We were expecting a building with parking, offices with a lobby area for the workers to sit, indoor restrooms and air conditioning. To our surprise there were no buildings only picnic benches with green tarps above them. Portable outhouses were provided but no misting systems to keep the workers cool during the unbearable summer heat. There was no formal office, just a notebook and containers with lottery tickets in them for the workers to register in. A circular driveway served as a pick up area. Yet these men organized themselves with a system that was working and would find way to entertain themselves by playing the guitar and visiting among themselves. They provided coffee, water and snacks by way of donations that each worker would put into a container on a volunteer basis. Day labor hours are Monday thru Saturday from 5:00 a.m. until around 2:00 p.m. The busier months are April until around October with December and January being the slowest months. On average there are around 175 people looking for work here at the Day Labor Center.

The Difference Between Bullying and Harassment :: cyberbulling, code of conduct, schools

Bullying and harassment are two distinct words but have a quite similar meaning as well as effects. These effects result in people becoming overwhelmed and depressed because of the constant abuse whether verbal or physical from another person that does not consider the victim as of any value to this world. Although verbal and physical bullying have been taken care of most of the time, the number one type of bullying that has not yet been addressed and taken care of is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying occurs online but, it is never taken care of by the school board because it is not happening in school and nothing is stated under the code of conduct to get involved with the situation. A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organization that are to be followed. They are intended to help out an area by laying down ethics and support decisions made by people at the organization or work. A code of conduct exist everywhere whether businesses or schools, it is created to handle problems in a proper way. It is unbelievable to be know that the code of conduct does not state anything about the consequences for bullying and/or harassing an individual. They are not really required to be followed since it is just mostly expected behavior and can be easily broken without consequences. Although schools have a set of rules, they are rarely enforced and some don’t even do anything on when something occurs off campus. Cyber bullying is no different from verbal and physical bullying it has the same effects, it hurts innocent individuals and it should have the same consequences. Cyber bullying the majority of the time, occurs between the ages of 13-18. Most teens feel that by not telling someone that this is happening it will only make it worse, that the bullying will never stop. In the case of Megan Meier who was described by her parents as â€Å" bubbly, goofy†,was an average teenager who was full of life and had goals, that was before she committed suicide because of the effects of cyber bullying. In the Worse Cases of Bullying website it states â€Å" Met a boy, â€Å"Josh Evans†, online through her new Myspace account. Josh introduced himself via an email to her parents and, with their blessings, Megan continued her new friendship and soon became infatuated with him.

The Active Future as Divine :: Philosophy Religion Papers

The Active Future as Divine Normally, activity is regarded as discernible, but according to relativity theory whatever is discernible lies in the past of the discernible. Only the present subjective immediacy is properly active. Subjectivity is properly understood as present becoming; objectivity as past being (so Whitehead). I propose that we extend the domain of subjective immediacy to include the future as well as the present. This future universal activity is pluralized in the present in terms of the many actualities coming into being. Subjectivity is the individualization of becoming, and so can apply to the future as a whole as well as to particular present subjects. The future as divine grows out of Whitehead's revisions of traditional notions of omnipotence and omniscience. But he separates creativity (best understood in terms of Hindu and Buddhist thought) from the God of Western theism. This separation can be overcome if God is future creativity individualized in its own realm, which is the source of the creativity within each of us. Ordinarily we think of the future as a blank background on which we imaginatively project our plans, hopes and fears. Or we may consider it as a receptacle, passively registering the conditions the present and past lays upon it. Once all these conditions are completed, it comes into being-only then it is no longer future but present. As long as it is still future and still indeterminate, we do not see how it could be active. How could the future actively receive and respond to its world? Besides the ordinary passive future we are all familiar with, I wish to propose a notion of the future which can serve as the appropriate mode of divine activity. First, I need to show how an active future is possible. Then I must try to show that God can be appropriately conceived as the activity of the future. In this account I shall be relying heavily on the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead, primarily as found in his main work, Process and Reality (1929). In part I shall be presenting his ideas, while in part I shall be building on them in ways he did not foresee. The future is usually considered to be exclusively passive because it lacks any discernible activity. Most deem whatever discernible activity there is to be present, relegating to the past whatever is no longer active. This makes good sense for those who assume that world is constituted out of enduring substances, but it makes less sense if the world is conceived in terms of events.

Iranian Literary Arts Festival Essay

Cultural Festivals are usually done to celebrate traditions and cultures of certain places in order to preserve and maintain its significance. The festival I visited was the Iranian Literary Arts Festival at Project Artaud Theatre in San Francisco, California at 450 Florida Street last November 17, 2007 produced by the Translation Project. It is a commemoration of Iranian literary arts, which includes activities such as film screenings and art exhibits. However, the highlight of the event is the world premiere of Icarus/Rise, a play about the myth of Icarus written by Niloufar Talebi. Also, other Iranian films were shown almost everyday in theaters. With this celebration, it shows that the Iraqis like literature, especially poetry and film and they give importance to it thru the activities conducted in this festival. The contemporary issue here for the Iraqis is that they value the fruits of the Persian culture that is shown in the Iraqi movies screened during the festival that also featured literary panel discussions, art auctions and gala dinner. This experience was a surprise for me regarding their culture. I heard a lot about Iraq before, and they were all about wars, suicide bombings and brutality, and so with this festival, I have seen a different side of their country. Now I know that their culture is rich in literary arts and that they value it. I also realized that the literary treasures of a country say a lot about their culture and their history. Though I wasn’t able to watch all of the movies, I have felt the value they gave to such treasures. With this experience, I conclude that cultural festivals play a significant role in the present day by preserving and reliving the culture of a region, and it also helps the residents get to know their forefathers since it says a lot about the way of living of the people in the past. I also realized that every person should know the value of this festivities, and participate in every cultural festivals they can go to because its like a time machine that they can go back to the past and relive the good old days of their community. Reference Iranian Literary Arts Festival. November 18, 2007. Retrieved from http://www. sfgate. com/listings/event. php? events,e263149 The Translation Project. November 18, 2007. Retrieved from http://thetranslationproject. org/

Internet Marketing in Business Essay

An effective ‘Marketing Mix’ including all 7 is a way of identifying a businesses achievements of marketing objectives, meeting customer needs, is balanced and consistent, creates a competitive advantage and matches corporate resources. The 7p’s include: product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence Product: This is first considered in the marketing mix as it all depends on it. This can be a physical product or a service that the corporation is offering to the public. The only way to have a good marketing strategy is by making sure that the ‘product’ is up to standard, promoting every quality part of that good or service. Bikroy promotes their products very effectively as they use picture to enhance the quality of the product itself. They also provide a range of products and service including clothes, accessories, shoes/sandals etc and it provided for men and women. They include brand and designer wear which shows that they have high quality in their product. Bikroy also sells a range of products matching famous celebrity’s outfits that customers would want to buy. Bikroy, online or in their online newspaper provides customers the latest fashion info and what not to wear giving them an advantage to promote their products. Price: This is the total amount a customer pays for the product. It is decided through a number of factors a product have to offer including material costs, product identity, competition, market share and the customer’s perceived value of the product. If other store/business have the same product on stock other businesses may decrease or increase their price for customer satisfaction. Their price for the products vary depending on the product – quality, brand etc. For the designer items it can be expensive, although Bikroy may provide same looking product without the brand name making it affordable. Place: Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often known as the distribution channel. The place can be situated as a physical store or as virtuals stores on the internet. Bikroy.com is rapidly becoming the market leader in the Bangladesh online. All the products are sold ONLINE and not located anywhere else where people can purchase Bikroy items. They does have a warehouse where all stocks are kept and together has a office located in Dhaka. Promotion: Is a way of communication that a business/organisation may use in the market place. It enables the marketer to a advertise the product or service being provided by them. Advertisement is a powerful tool that corporations uses to enhance their products/service to encourage buyers/customers. Promotion has four distinct elements made up of advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. As their business is purely based upon the internet everything is promoted through the World Wide Web on the website and off. They have promotion on other websites and also Bikroy has developed an application to allow customers to track particular products on its sites through their web browser, whatever websites they are looking at. Bikroy organisation communicates information about their product and service to potential customers by identifying customer details and sends them information through mail, post etc aiming to sell the products. Another advertising method Bikroy use s on their website is that they have added a page of feedback from customers which enables ‘public relation’ which is one of the promotion powerful element. People: It is appropriate to have people in the marketing of services as all people who directly or indirectly influence the perceied value of the product or service, inlcuding knowledge workers, employees, management of the business and also the consumers. People deliver services – they could be any mentioned. People promote and sell products and services. Are their employees, customers – their family and friends, and any other people associated with Bikroy.com. Employees are important to this strategy of marketing mix as in can be those who deliver the products to customers. So they have to polite, helpful and have the knowledge of the business for them to answer any questions provided by the customer. It can also be the employees that answer the phone when any customer calls for any queries. Bikroy.com also have employees updating their website and replying to emails and online comments on their feedback page. Bikroy employees has the knowledge, training and other as pect helping the business with marketing for their business. Bikroy customers are also people that help in them marketing of services as they spread the business information. Process: This is the procedures of activities which lead to an exchange of value. The process should include how customers are handled from first and last point of contact. Bikroy is determined to be number one in the online market. They have thought through their process and kept it clear and have made it customer satisfactory. Bikroy’s strategy consists of aims that has a well-defined process. Bikroy have control of their website, their information/images etc are presented without any doubt intelligibly promotional. Payments are all done through their website online as they are only an online business. Also they have a step-by-step information on how to use and buy off their website, they also have page on delivery information. Here they can track down on where shopping is, know how much is cost to deliver, know when to expect the delievery etc. Physical Evidence: It is the tangible form of the service – this can include how a customer is treated by a staff member, a train ticket, the length of time a customer has to wait for service or their product (depending on the business). A physical evidence is aproof for customer to measure whether he or she has recieved value. As Bikroy.com is an online company their customer has difficulty not knowing how for example a dress will feel, look on them. Bikroy therefore provides annual reports, articles, etc showing them that Bikroy products are worth the value. Bikroy helps customers with their products by giving them full information about the product.

Dubai Crisis

http://hubpages. com/hub/FINANCIAL-CRISIS-IN-DUBAI-REASINS-AND-EFFECTS FINANCIAL CRISIS IN DUBAI-REASONS AND EFFECTS Dubai-economic position That is Dubai-sky piercing towers, rotating buildings, spectacular architectural designs,flow of petro-dollers,broad and clean road notworks, etc,etc. Businessmen, investers, and lusury-seekers, used to visit Dubai with all zeal. Some weeks ago, Dubai had issued to international investers, bonds worth $1. 9trillion,whiched sent the message that its economic position is unshakable! But now that foundation has shaken! inability to rapay loan instalments All these indicate that Dubai's financial foundation is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ SHAKING! Reasons Dubai, unlike other six emirates of UAE is not a country rich with oil resources. This city state is purely a business city wholly depending upon tourism and other businesses. Dubai World, in a haste to attract world enterprenuers started spending more and more on building fine roads, star hotels,etc. Foreign institutional investers also invested much here, especially during the last four years. But, for some reason, may be due to economic crisis mainly, FIIs didnot turn to Dubai for investment.. AS a result, real-estate businessin Dubai suddenly collapsed. This made an impact on other businesses also. Effects Dubai world, has business tie-ups in different countries including India. Thes projects, may be delayed( resulting in cost increase), or dropped, or prolonged. Unemployment problem may arise in Dubai. Enterprises may have to retrench a portion of their employees.! 0 lakh Indians are working in Dubai and other UAE countries. Foreign Institutional investers, who have business ties with Dubai World, may face loss. 70 financial institutions have lent credits to Dubai world. Banks in Duabi may face crisis. When the world is recovering from last year's economic recession, this may push it back to same position. Ray of hope. Inspite of all these, experts hope that it is possible to recover. It comes out of past experience. Dubai had faced similar economic crisis in 1999. Then Abudhabhi, another emirette in UAE, had helped Dubai by lending a loan of $1,00,000. Abudhabhi is a financially stable country.. It can help. But the quantum of need this time is muchmore than it was in 1999. Just on 29th,November,Abudhabhi has announced that it would concider the financing aspect,item wise, taking each main transaction on merits. It has also clarified,it is not going to take full responsibility of all loans. †¢ Top ten financial institutions of the world By greater optimism and assurances by America, major part of the world succumbed to globalization and WTC agreements. American companies, for their profit, encouraged the buying habits of people in the globe,†¦ †¢ Finance and gold stock The economic powers in the world were amazed last week when India purchased 200 tonnes of gold from International monetary fund(IMF). This purchase needed an investment of Rs. 35,000 crores. India also announced†¦ ABU DHABI, Dec. 2 (Xinhua) — The financial crisis sweeping the world that emerged from Wall Street has taken its toll on the United Arab Emirates (UAE), sending the Gulf oil producing country's economy into an uncertain path. In the first half of 2008, the world saw a steady rise in oil prices, which climbed to a record high of 147. 27 U. S. dollars a barrel on July 11. However, the soaring oil prices did not get a firm footing since then, with the supply and demand factors remained in a balance, as top officials of the oil cartel Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had said repeatedly. After the speculative factors gave way to the fundamentals in the market, oil prices began a journey of correction, declining below 60 dollars a barrel, which represented a drop of more than 60 percent compared with the peak in July. The decline of oil prices was no good news for the UAE, for the oil sector accounted for about 35. 9 percent of the country's GDP in 2007. Local newspaper Gulf News estimated in July that the oil revenue of Abu Dhabi whose production accounts for nearly 94 percent of the UAE's crude oil output, would reach 100 billion dollars if the price remained on high level. But the figure seems impossible now. In addition to oil prices, the UAE is facing a reverse in its property market which has been booming since the government allowed foreign investors to buy property on a freehold basis in 2002. A report released by Morgan Stanley in August predicted a decline of 10 percent by 2010 in the property market of Dubai, the UAE's commercial and financial hub. But the correction of prices in the UAE's property market came earlier than Morgan Stanley predicted. In November, HSBC said in are port that property prices fell in October by four percent in Dubai and five percent in Abu Dhabi, which is the first ever since2002 and may be a turning point of the six-year bull market. In the stock markets, the UAE has been suffering a free fall this year, a similar experience that some emerging markets had during the same period. On Nov. 16, the Dubai Financial Market (DFM) index closed at 1,981. 4 points, falling by 68. 51 percent from the year's peak of 6,291. 87 points on Jan. 15 with a loss of 4. 67 billion dirhams (1. 27billion dollars) in market value. On the same day, the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) also fell to its lowest point this year, with its general index hitting2,755. 62, down 46. 48 percent from 5,148. 49 points on June 11 with a loss of 1. 52 billion dirhams. BANKS' TIGHTENING PURSE STRINGS The UAE Central Bank held a meeting with representatives from all banks operating in the country on Sept. 8, three days after the U. S. investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, to assess the status of the UAE banking system. A statement released by the Central Bank after the meeting said that the UAE banks had no exposure to Lehman Brothers and there was no systemic risk in the UAE. But the statement also revealed that the country's banking system was also facing a lack of liquidity by saying that â€Å"various suggestions for boosting liquidity of banks were also discussed. † On Sept. 2, the Central Bank announced the establishment of an emergency lending facility worth 50 billion dirhams for banks operating in the country, marking the first move to inject liquidity since the Wall Street meltdown emerged. After that, the UAE government took more steps to shore up the banking system. The Central Bank announced on Oct. 8 a two-percentage-point cut in its lending rate to 3 percent in a bid to boost liquidity of local banks. It also lowered the rate on its repurchase of certificate of deposit (REPO) from 2 percent to 1. percent with effect from Oct. 8. In mid-October, the UAE cabinet said that it decided to take preventive measures to support the banking system. Under the measures, the government will provide a three-year guarantee to deposits and savings in all national banks and foreign banks with â€Å"significant operations† in the country. In addition, the government will also guarantee all inter-bank lending operations between banks operating in the country and inject sufficient liquidity in the financial system if and when necessary. The government also decided to inject another 70 billion dirhams into the banking system. Despite the measures taken by the government, the lack of liquidity has made banks operating in the UAE tighten their purse strings. HSBC raised its minimum salary requirement for a personal loan from 5,000 dirhams to 10,000 dirhams in October and doubled it again in November to 20,000 dirhams. Another major foreign bank operating in the UAE Lloyds TSB decided in November to stop lending to customers who wanted to buy apartments. In the meantime, the bank lowered its loan to value ratio on villas to 50 percent from 80 percent in October. The UAE's national banks, including the country's largest bank Emirates NBD, were also reportedly tightening their credit. UNCERTAIN PROSPECT OF MEGA PROJECTS In the past few years, the UAE has witnessed a boom in its property market, with prices quadrupled. The property sector became an important contributor to the country's efforts to diversify its economy so as to reduce the dependence on the oil industry. Property developers in the UAE launched a series of iconic projects during the boom, including the three Palm Islands and Burj Dubai, the highest architecture to date in the world. The success of those iconic projects in promoting themselves and their developers and the continuous upturn in the property market have encouraged developers float more mega projects. In October, Nakheel, the developer of the Palm Islands, announced a new project named â€Å"Nakheel Harbor & Tower. † The project, which will cover an area of more than 270 hectares and accommodate over 55,000 people, will include a tower more than 1,000 meters high. If completed, the Nakheel Tower will take Burj Dubai's title of the world's highest building, whose current height stands at 688 meters. According to Nakheel, the Nakheel Harbor & Tower will take more than 10 years to complete. Now, with the credit squeeze and a possible bear market for the property sector, the project's fate seems uncertain. In fact, Nakheel said in mid-November that it will reassess its â€Å"immediate business objectives to accommodate the current economic climate. †¦ The next few months will see a scaling back of activity around some of our projects. â€Å"

Friedrich Engels and histor Essay

If one is not historical, then it is unscientific. The historical process that has commenced for millennia in the development of societies is a product of scientific processes and vice versa. Friedrich Engels has greatly contributed to the exposition of historical dynamics, one that is ever changing, in constant contradiction with the forces within and without. As it has been definitely asserted, historical materialism, as a part of a dialectic philosophy is not just narrowly limited to a â€Å"study† but it is a scientific process wherein events were investigated, researched, a hypothesis is derived and tested or compared if that assertion applies to universal condition. History thereof is a result of contradictions, a making of man, not just simply a compilation of events that transpired in the past. Only in such a way can history become a science. Thus, a truly revolutionary of his time, Engels presented history according to the material basis of the existence of societies, discussed the evolution of such societies as subsequent effects of the past, constantly playing interconnected, interwoven stories, which without the other is simply incomplete, unscientific. Here he illustrated the formation of history as a result of humanity’s struggle to attain its aims, therefore its own creation, its own being. Engels’ history does not consider man simply a being with presupposed actions, knowledge or decisions, man is a becoming, moulds the society that he belongs to, inseparably intertwined with the progress of the economy, his propensity to survive, to all other aspects of social existence. Certainly, Engels’ life is no different from the society he intended to explain. What has moulded him to become such a great influence in socio-economic paradigms and in the formulation of Marxism surely has a basis in his past, interconnected with his identity, with everything that has gone through his age, internal and external, positive and negative. His own being a laboratory of man as a â€Å"becoming† and of contradictions where which a new form from the antagonisms of the old is drawn. Hence, his life and works were a result of scientific processes, a fruit of the reactions among the material conditions that he was exposed to, a synthesis of numerous theses and anti-theses. Facts and figures are simply not what history is. Facts and figures say something but not substantially anything. History is a correlation and interrelationships between and among facts and figures without finding those connections are mere ink and paper –insignificant. Hitherto, Engels’ works remains to be of great influence in the struggles of oppressed peoples and of the international proletariat. This came into reality because Engels’ works were connected to the material foundations of human existence, ideas and theories that are not alienated: theories that can be felt, ideas that are tangible and inseparable from the activities of societies. As it was, matter precedes consciousness; Engels’ historical and philosophical analysis did not surface out of mere conception of abstract economic and historical fables, but were a result of the effects of the economic and social conditions existing at that time; societies came into reality first and from those realities a consciousness was obtained enabling Engels to scientifically analyze the future of societies based on the reasons that has caused past societies to progress into what they are at present. Engels biography is a display of such scientific course. His early life has been the origin why he came about with his voluminous works on history, implications brought by the facts how he was raised and intended of him to become, his experiences, and his direct contact with the production process and later in complete absorption to the revolutionary struggle in the industrial West. Friedrich Engels was born in Barmen, Prussia to a family of bourgeois origins in September 28, 1820, time when Europe was at the height of the development of the industrial era and wars of conquest for the accumulation of market, labour and resources for the bourgeois economy. It was a time of rapid changes ensuing on all borders, expansion of industrial interests was grappling Europe and colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America were continuously ransacked while the European continent was in a constant scrabble of migration from different nations in search of industrial work. Indeed an era of accumulation of wealth and technological advances to improve productivity . His nascent years have been vital for the development of his future philosophical pursuit. In his poem â€Å"To My Grandfather†, written December 20, 1833, Friedrich has shown his early acquaintances in history through stories in the Greek mythology which he described as â€Å"many a beautiful story† that his grandfather told him . Another untitled poem written 3 years after described characters in stories from all over Europe seen by young Friedrich as â€Å"pictures to delight† . He was an observer and the environment drew much attention from him. Once he wrote about the conditions in Wuppertal, one of his first attempts to explain the seemingly complicated miseries of the working class , that even the columns of a building and the style of architecture did not escape his watch. It was the beginning of his acquisition of his most powerful weapon in his revolutionary battle, the excellence in textual conveyance. Not only was it a peek to his future history inclinations but also his superb literary talent that has greatly manifested in his works. His father, a German textile mill owner wanted him to become an industrialist too like himself. Though, the environment in which Friedrich Engels lived was full of stark contradictions, external factors which greatly affected his inner resolve, so that a strained relationship developed between them. A supporter of the Prussian government, Friedrich’s father held conservative views in politics and religion which could be attributed to his Protestant Pietist devotion that he entered Friedrich in local Pietist schools, indoctrinating him of narrow fundamentalist views of society that were never acceptable to his broad interests. He was then sent to Bremen, a German port city, before he finished his high school studies to work as a clerk, and there he exhibited despise to autocracy and religion, enjoyed life at its fullest and studied literature, philosophy, theology and history . The democratic struggles gaining political momentum at that time was under a literary movement drawn Engels to participate under a pen name Friedrich Oswald. His first work, a poem titled â€Å"The Bedouin † was published in the Bremisches Conversationsblatt No. 40. In September 1838 and many other literary works and commentaries proceeded thereafter. When he moved to Berlin to join the Household Artillery of the Prussian Army, he already had attractions to the Young Hegelians . His contact with the radical group proved to be vital in Engels’ future philosophical treatises. Hegelian philosophy maintained an idealist core with the dialectic claims that everything, after they had come into being, will ultimately wither away, a constant reminder of change and development inherent in everything therein. Though Hegelian dialectics maintained that thought precedes matter, it still had some followers who were radicalized and reached the point of concluding that even the Prussian state and religion will pass. The most revolutionary of them, however, deviated from Hegel’s â€Å"consciousness precedes matter† and inclined towards materialism. These revolutionaries, among them the 22 year-old Friedrich Engels, asserted that it is the other way around based on Ludwig Feuerbach’s rejection of Hegelian idealism and turned the tables for materialism. He would later publish a pamphlet hailing Feuerbach’s â€Å"The Essence of Christianity† in 1841. The pamphlet echoed Feuerbach’s materialist basis of societal thought and finally debunked theological monopoly of reflection with a â€Å"pulverizing† blow, but later Feuerbach’s materialism would be wedded with Hegelian dialectics . There he was an active radical, wrote articles for the democratic movement while attending lectures at Berlin University with his military service all at the same time. Before he would be sent to England, Engels, travelled to Cologne to meet Moses Hess, the first Hegelian who called himself a communist and the man behind Rheinische Zeitung –a radical daily newspaper. It was possibly in this acquaintance that Engels was influenced with utopian socialism and his travel to England would be decisive in starting a proletarian revolution in the most advanced industrial nation . His experience in Manchester, England in his father’s factory from 1842 opened his eyes to the realities of the working class which he stated in his Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, his first book bourn out of his observations in his father’s firm. In his English travel desertion, Engels have had certain exchanges with other workers’ organizations, radical, utopian socialists and Chartists and wrote for Robert Owens’ Utopian socialist paper, the â€Å"New Moral Order† . Only on his way to Barmen did he meet Karl Marx, his lifelong revolutionary collaborator. They first met in Cologne in 1842 and Karl Marx was an editor in the Rheinische Zeitung but took no time to explore their philosophical similarities. That friendship would last for about four decades. Together, Marx and Engels paved the way for the synthesis of Dialectical Materialism, Historical Materialism and Scientific Socialism among many other works that were to become the foundations of the proletarian movement. Engels could never be considered as Marx’s side kick as others would usually portray him, nor must he be treated as above Mar’s intellect on many philosophical questions. Often they would consult each other on certain points of argumentation and Engels recognized Marx’s excellence and at the same manner, Engels displayed his virtuoso in historical and literary fields. They were, in the truest sense, partners in their lifelong struggle for the liberation of the working class. What Engels had become could be ascribed to the people who had played certain parts in his â€Å"becoming†. His grandfather introduced him to the world of history and literature, his father pounced on him that he would later hate everything that his father believed, Hegel on his dialectics (though Engels had broken away from the idealist sector), Feuerbach presented the materialist view for his and Marx’s philosophical synthesis of the Dialectical Materialism and the millions of the workers’ masses that have borne the weight of the whole capitalist production system were, presumably, the greatest influences on Engels’ philosophy. Thus cementing that Engels was really a man that is a â€Å"becoming†. An accumulation of experiences, observations and contact with nature was the reason for having such philosophical standpoint . Engels’ philosophical background could be that of a German philosophy that could be traced from Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel. Though Engels or Marx did not have any â€Å"original† philosophical theories, it is precisely the justification on what was commented on the Critique on Feuerbach that theirs was a philosophy that aimed direct to the point of changing the existing order in the world not just explain it. On many occasions, Engels has directly found the connection of matter and thought, of historical events that are quite apart in ages but were systematically an integral part of the totality of human history. Friedrich Engels’ first book was the Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, written when he was in Manchester England. On its preface, Engels explicitly stated the conditions of the working class at that particular time based on his direct acquaintances with the proletariat or twenty-one months, straight from his observations. These observations were directed for the German proletariat so intense their conditions that Engels wished to know the root causes of their misery . In his dedication to the British proletariat, Engels can be seen as a true revolutionary, never satisfied with documents, it was a close contact, an integration among the masses of British workers that has propelled his understanding of the conditions of the working class. It was on the streets, in the alleys, in the working places that true understanding can be derived. The whole of Manchester turned into a laboratory of revolution . Manchester in 1844 is the centre of the Industrial Revolution which he observed, made the conditions of the workers worse. Huge industrial cities such as Manchester and Liverpool had disease occurrences four times grater than in the countryside. Before mills were introduced in England, more than four thousand out of ten thousand children die of whooping cough, scarlet fever, measles, and smallpox and an addition of another three hundred after. While adult mortality numbered to a thousand out of ten thousand and another two hundred added to the previous respectively. In one of his contributed article to the New Moral World Engels concluded that this condition must soon be ended with a revolution that would rearrange the social order existing at that time in three countries in Europe (England, France and Germany) as there is a fast spread of suffering among the working men in the continent. There were existing socialist and communist movements in many parts of Europe, half a million communists in France alone, with some differences in minor points in principle but again, Engels asserted that the proletarian class has the power to rise and become masters of their own, enjoy the fruits of their own labour only if these communists would be united –that would later be named as â€Å"proletarian internationalism† – costing most of Eastern Europe after the Second World War, a little more than a hundred years, with the USSR’s campaign of socialist annexation . Engels described the state of the capitalist system in England, being the most advanced at that time. In the book’s 1892 preface, 52 years since it was first published, the author noted that the rising industrial nations such as France, Germany and America and starting to break Britain’s â€Å"industrial monopoly† and finally reached what has England reached in 1844 and the effects were not different. Same economic laws apply and the fight of English workers five decades ago is happening in the country. It is after all still a bourgeois mode of production, the same tendencies, characteristics and social classes and antagonism still exist. Such was what he had predicted in his first edition and, scientifically, it was indeed the same characteristic of the capitalist economy regardless of nations and cultures. The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 mirrored the condition of the working class not only in certain time frame but through the times as long as capitalism exists in a more or less varied intensity. Further expounding on the roots of the proletariat’s miserable place in the relations of production, Lenin commented that Engels was not the first to say that the working class is suffering from the ills of the capitalist mode of appropriation and expropriation, but it was Engels who said that the working class is being pushed to the very edges so that the proletariat had been left with no choice but to fight back and destroy the bonds of slavery. A power, so much moving this line had exuded that after seven decades Russian proletariat had risen to create the first proletarian state. In 1847, Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian anarchist was banned from Paris because of calling for the over of the Polish and Russian governments. Bakunin was one of the many revolutionaries that appearing in Europe. A revolutionary high tide is sweeping all over the continent and the great masses of workers are looking for the lead in the revolutionary struggle. Such was the condition when Engels wrote â€Å"The Principles of Communism† in 1847, a year before the Communist Manifesto was published. There was, however an earlier composition for the Communist League. In June of that year, the founding event of the Communist League, the Congress of the Just, the Principles of Communism was written to serve as a draft for a statement to be embraced by the proletarian revolutionary movement, the Communist Manifesto . The International Workingmen’s Association formed in 1864 was actively participated by Engels, and later joined Marx in the General Council in 1870, two after the IWA was organized. Historically, the IWA had a huge part in the uprising in Paris in 1871: the Paris Commune. In this event Engels’ writings defeated Bakunin’s Alliance for Social Democracy. IWA was considered to be the first International, and after the Paris Commune was quelled, after the commune died, Engels guided the formations of many socialist parties in Europe, especially in Germany which has been the movement that the whole European communist movement looked upon as bearer of the great socialist revolution. It was here that the term â€Å"manufacture†, denoting production by hand was conceived by Engels, such was to differentiate â€Å"production by hand† from production using a machine. This scheme was decisive in future historical annotations for the transition from guilds to factories of the primitive capitalist model. It is best too clarify that Marxist literature considers, based on historical materialism, that world history has not grown uniformly, some have advanced to capitalism, other nations remain in the feudal stage, and certain communities were even at the stage of primitive communalism. In the year 1884, Engels wrote â€Å"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. It was this document that really showed Engels’ distinction in history. He wrote this manuscript in just two months to continue what Marx would have wanted him to do – a treatise on the evolution of the State. This book covers the history of many nations, the emergence of private property and classes, and the state and ultimately how this state would perish, mush like Hegelian concept on the dialectical process of societies. Engels’ works were immensely influenced by Hegelian thought, especially evident in his â€Å"Origin of the Family†¦ † which was a complete narration of the scientific evolution of the societies, brought about by the contradictions that were constantly the cause of development, of ending an old social order and beginning anew. Aside from that, Engels life as a revolutionary and his works were also influenced by Moses Hess’s utopian socialist ideas, which, together with Karl Marx, they arrived into concluding that the future of capitalism is a scientific socialism and the establishment of the proletarian state. He also viewed the economy as the social foundation that it gives rise to the conception of the state, and that material foundation is the essential ingredient of the thought or way of thinking that would be dominant in the society. It was the very core of the materialist belief that matter precedes consciousness. Which takes us to think that a worker can not have a consciousness of a proletariat if the society has not reached the stage of capitalism, because in the first place, a condition does not exist that would permit a capitalist relation of production (wage labour). Through his life, Engels never believed in marriage pointing out that the natural order of reproduction is not bound by the exclusivity of a woman to a single man. That only came into being when the concept of private property had materialized, so as women. Women held a high place in the primitive societies since they were the only means that tribes and communities would survive was only through continued human reproduction . Engels’ works were referred to by the revolutionary movement especially on the philosophical discourses on dialectics, historical materialism and some of his economic formulations. These influenced leaders of different socialist parties in Europe and around the globe. In autumn of 1985, the leader of the Russian proletarian socialist revolution, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote about Engels saying that he was a great teacher of the world’s working class, and his life must be known to every workingman. Lenin further states that Engels did not let his bourgeois status to stop him from serving the cause of the revolution, study of philosophy and science and politics. The article published in Rabotnik, clarified certain principles in Engels’ philosophy, and asserted that although Engels followed Hegelian dialectics, he was nevertheless not an idealist but one who firmly believes in materialism. Engels, said Lenin, used scientific methods in answering the economic questions of the time. It also gave an insight into Engels political history that being said, Engels was a democrat before he became a socialist. Thus Engels taught that the liberation of the working class is in the hands of the working class. Lenin after 22 years would lead the Russian working class to a socialist victory, fulfilling Engels’ vision of a socialist state won by the proletarian themselves. Later in 1920, three years after the Russian socialist revolution had been won, a document was published showing that Lenin would again comment on Engels through â€Å"The Marx-Engels Correspondence† which he wrote in 1913. The letters contained many of the theoretical foundations of socialism, masterfully fighting through the ins and outs of the political struggle in Europe. It was an exposition of the revisionist renegades attempt to mislead the great masses of the proletariat to capitulate in the bourgeois political system. Through these letters, as Lenin pronounced, the socialist movement was kept in the right track. The tasks of the proletarian revolutionary were outlined to serve as a guide for many socialist parties that were waging underground warfare against their governments. The dialectical course of history was reaffirmed and from that principle, Russian revolution had drawn much of Engels’ guidance in the theoretical as well as in the practical recourse of the revolution. Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese revolution from the 1920’s until after the Second World War had been a staunch Engels follower through his works with Marx. Chairman Mao had quoted the communist manifesto, stressing on the point that without the theories that Marx and Engels developed, the revolution will have no guide. Revolutionary theory as Mao had said would give the people a direction in waging a war for national liberation, to assure that there would be no resurgence of bourgeois state in liberated nations and ensure that new democratic revolutions will continue to the socialist stage . Again Mao on his article on Women, Engels was often quoted because of his contributions in the study of the status of women in the society, through his book â€Å"the Origin of the Family, Private Property and State†. The study of the women was a big issue in the Chinese revolution. China was then waging a war against traditions that existed for thousands of years that was the feudal relationships between husbands and wives, elderly and the young in Chinese culture. Engels’ views on the question of the equality of the sexes in the primitive communal stage of societies shed light on the history of the struggle of women. Women suffer exploitation twice. A female worker is exploited because she is a worker and she is a woman. She does not only suffer from capitalist exploitation but also from male domination. However, the struggle for women’s liberation is not a struggle against the opposite sex, but a struggle based on the economic class . Friedrich Engels was said to be the builder of socialist thought, the International Review issue no. 83 on the 4th quarter of 1995 stated that Engels had been persistent in his revolutionary career, truly of German tradition. Owing much to his perception of the workers’ movements tendencies and strengths that in the article his first book published was the book used by many revolutionaries through the years of struggle all over the world, from Russia to China. Thus Engels was a man defined by his becoming. Through his life, from the time he was born till the day he died, Europe was in the middle of an economic advancement, it was also a period of political changes. In the middle of those political and economic current, Friedrich Engels stood to face the challenges of his time. The blowing winds of free thought have set his mind to open to new ideas, seemingly the emergence of radical movements were just on the right time. When he became a part of the Young Hegelians, his philosophical inclinations were further developed. If we would look at this through an idealist perspective, it would be possible that Engels life had the right coincidences: Marx was born on the same era; the proletarian movement was on its fiery start. However, dialectically, the course of history would be just the same, it could have not been Engels, it could have not been Marx but still the truth of the development of societies will be there because it is science. History is a making of humanity not just one man, thus independent of anyone’s identity yet it identifies with everyone. It is the reality. Through Engels’ writing Marx was able to find himself a competent partner in his revolutionary theorization. Together they had formulated the socialist philosophy that soon changed the course of the modern society. Engels contributed much to humanity’s understanding of history, complete and thorough interpretation of the events, explained the mysteries that bind each and every event from the beginning of human civilization. History was view on another angle, from the toiling masses, thus, breaking the monopoly of the establishment’s monopoly of truth. Hitherto, societies were seen as dynamic, changing every second, quantitatively and qualitatively –change that was internally caused by those who are within the system, not by something that is detached, alienated, or abstract. Material basis was always at the fore of historical explanations. Engels’ historical insights gave the ruled power over the ruler, the oppressed over the oppressor. In time, the order of things will be changed, asserts Engels, which change will never end. History had become an integral part of the future, not confined to the records of the olden times; it has passed yet continues to take part in molding the future of societies. Without Engels history would still continue and take its path as we have it today. Without Engels to help Marx, the society will still change. Therefore, Engels did have a contribution to humanity’s history. Through his writings, Lenin foresaw the First World War as an imperialist war took advantage of it and made the revolution at home victorious. With the victory of the Russian proletariat, the course of struggles around the world suddenly changed course and had a farther perspective. Not only did these liberation movements aimed to free their nations from foreign domination but had decided to free them from the slavery brought about by the conception of private property. Movements did not only strive to destroy the existing political order perpetuated by tyrants, they had sought to destroy the economic foundation of tyranny. In the country from where he came from, Engels, too, caused much change. He became one of the contributors to the German philosophy, became an inspiration to German revolutionaries and paved the way for the advancement of the German proletariat. As Germany was inseparable from the conditions that what existing in Europe at that time, it too had been reached by the socialist movement that after the Second World War, Germany was divided into two. East Germany had a socialist economy and the, capitalist. Engels had his great deal of share in the development of Marxism and socialism. He was the brain behind the Communist manifesto and Historical Materialism. His studies in the field of history enlightened Marxists and revolutionaries in the course of the inevitable changes in the society. Bibliography (Section 1) Kenwood A. G. and A. L. Lougheed. The Growth of the International Economy 1820-2000: An Introductory Text. London: Routledge, 1999. Carver, Terrell. Engels. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2003. Engels, Friedrich. â€Å"Bedouin. † Young Engels, Marx & Engels Internet Archive. Available from www. marxist. org. Engels, Friedrich. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2000.

Interpreting Policies and Expectations Research Paper

Interpreting Policies and Expectations - Research Paper Example Evidently, discussion posting aims to assist the candidate to acquire new knowledge and to improve his/her knowledge base. Components of Scholarly Response The three components of scholarly discussion posting response are comprehensive, in-depth, and focused writing; APA style and citations, and relevance of the topic. The first element requires the candidate to provide comprehensive responses and to keep the responses specifically focused on the topic under consideration. It also requires candidates to give thoughtful postings after paying particular attention to week’s readings, relevant news, and other sources such as colleagues’ postings. It is vital for the candidate to depend on course sources as well as external sources to contribute to the authenticity of the posting. While using such sources, candidates are required to follow APA style so as to maintain uniformity and a high standard of scholarship. The use of APA style and citations are greatly beneficial to f acilitate the participation of all course participants. The relevance of the topic is the key tool for assessing the effectiveness of the participation. In order to ensure effective participation in discussion posting, candidates are expected to maintain the logical thread of discussion, which would enhance developing appropriate and useful ideas. Course Grades and Feedback Course grades will be based on participation in discussion postings and completion of assignments listed in the course syllabus. As described in the syllabus, the Course Grading Matrix gives an exact idea of course grading. A grade will be given for scores of 90% and above (900-1,000), B grade for scores of 80%-89% (800-899), C grade for scores of 70%-79% (700-799), and D grade for scores of 69% and below (699 or less).Feedback on all assignments will be given to the candidate by the 7th day of the week following the one in which the assignment was due. To illustrate, if the assignment was due in Week 3, the cand idate would receive feedback on that particular assignment by the 7th day of the Week 4. If a candidate thinks that he/she is not obtaining enough feedback, he/she is strongly encouraged to contact his/her instructor and ask for more feedback. The candidates can find contact information for his/her instructor under the Contact the Instructor area. The candidate may also refer to the Faculty members’ accessibility area of the Student policy excerpts in the Guidelines and Policies area to obtain further information on feedback. Walden University e-mail If the candidate has a course-related question, he can post his doubt in the discussion area or in the Contact the Instructor area. Since responses to a candidate’s question can be probably useful for others in the class, candidates are not advised to e-mail course-related queries to the Instructor or fellow classmates. Candidates are provided with Walden e-mail account to carry out their all official Walden University bus iness. They are expected to check their Walden e-mail account every day throughout the course period. Students are not expected to send copies of their postings to the Instructor or fellow classmates via e-mail. According to this course schedule policy, all postings have to be made in each week’s Discussion area of the course.  Ã‚